This study intends to evaluate the influence of microflora in various types of banana fruits on moisture content and health risks related to bacterial growth at different fruit ages. Over four weeks, 120 banana fruit samples were gathered from three marketplaces in Kano State, Nigeria and dissected for pH, moisture content and microbiota. These three samples were then dissected to perform tests on pH, moisture content and microbiota. Some were subject to a moisture content that ranged from 77.22% to 80.29% and the samples' pH values ranged from 4.60 to 5.10. The fungal counts displayed a range spanning from 1.40×10⁶ to 3.30×10⁶ cfu ml^-1, while the bacterial counts exhibited a broader spectrum, fluctuating between 3.80×10⁶ and 7.30×10⁶ cfu ml^-1. The bacteria identified in the samples were Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus sp., Xanthomonas campestris, Corynebacterium xerosis, Pseudomonas sp., Erwinia carotovora, Dickeya parasidiaca and Ralstonia solanacearum. The fungal isolates included Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Mucor sp., Cordana johnsonii, Chrysonilia sp., Cladosporium sp., Doratomyces microspores, Rhizopus stolonifer and Colletotrichum musae. Fungi and bacteria detected in these samples prove their significant contribution causing the deterioration after harvest. This results in post-harvest diseases which consequently lead to the decline in the fruit's quantity and quality. Apart from the diminished commercial value of this kind of fruit, it can also pose chemical dregs, a health hazard to human beings. The knowledge gained from this research may facilitate the development of strategies for controlling banana fruit spoilage, resulting in improved product quality before consumption.

Mustapha Abdulsalam^*

Dept. of Microbiology, Skyline University Nigeria, Kano (700103), Nigeria

Olaitan Lateefat Salam

Dept. of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg (PMB 100), Sweden

Maimuna Sidi Muhammad

Dept. of Microbiology, Skyline University Nigeria, Kano (700103), Nigeria

Sarah Natour

Dept. of Microbiology, Skyline University Nigeria, Kano (700103), Nigeria

Maryam Murtala Garba

Dept. of Microbiology, Skyline University Nigeria, Kano (700103), Nigeria

Suleiman Fatima Annu

Dept. of Microbiology, Skyline University Nigeria, Kano (700103), Nigeria

Fumaria parviflora, commonly known as "small-flowered fumitory," is a ubiquitous weed found in various regions across the globe. Despite being considered a nuisance in farming areas, the plant possesses numerous therapeutic benefits acknowledged in conventional medical systems. Its extracts have shown promise in treating digestive disorders, respiratory ailments and skin conditions due to their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Efforts to harness its medicinal potential could lead to the development of innovative treatments while addressing concerns related to its invasive nature. This review aims to gather and evaluate the body of research on the medicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological attributes of Fumaria parviflora. Phytochemical analyses have revealed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds in F. parviflora, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and essential oils. These phytoconstituents exhibit various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and anticancer effects. Despite the considerable therapeutic potential demonstrated by F. parviflora, further research is necessary to elucidate its action mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and safety profiles. Moreover, clinical trials are required to validate the effectiveness and security of F. parviflora-based human interventions. Harnessing the medicinal potential of natural products holds significant promise for the development of novel therapeutic agents across various ailments. Natural products, derived from plants, marine organisms, fungi and microorganisms, have been a rich source of pharmacologically active compounds for centuries. These compounds often possess unique chemical structures and biological activities that make them valuable candidates for drug discovery and development.

Nitesh Kumar

Dept. of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (171 005), India

Ruchika Devi^*

Dept. of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (171 005), India

Pratibha

Dept. of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (171 005), India

Satish Kumar

Dept. of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (171 005), India

Saurav

Dept. of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (171 005), India

Mamta Singh Pathania

Shoolini Institute of Life Sciences and Business Management, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 212), India

Anita Kumari

Dept. of Botany, G.B. Pant Memorial Govt. College, Rampur Bushahr, Himachal Pradesh (172 001), India

An intensive research was carried out during 2018-2022 at the Regional Sericultural Research Station, Salem, Tamil Nadu. The research focused on assessing the significance of micronutrients and their effects on the growth, moisture content, yield parameters and nutrient composition of mulberry leaves. The combined results indicated that treatments T₂ and T₃ exhibited higher larval weight, shell weight, rendita and denier, with values of 42.90 g, 0.42 g, 6.14 kg and 2.33 d, respectively. Treatment T₅ also showed promising results, with larval weight of 42 g, shell weight of 0.38 g, rendita of 6.2 kg and denier of 2.65 d. In terms of single cocoon weight, treatment T₃ had the highest value of 1.88 g, closely followed by T₂ with 1.86 g. Regarding shell ratio and silk filament length, T₂ exhibited higher values (22.58% and 1103 m) compared to T₃ (22.55% and 1099 m). Among the five crops studied, the fourth crop demonstrated the best results when treated with T₂ and T₃. These treatments resulted in higher larval weight (51.37 g and 51.6 g), cocoon weight (2.2 g and 2.3 g), shell weight (0.56 g and 0.55 g), shell ratio (25% and 24.67%), pupal weight (1.65 g and 1.71 g), silk filament length (1416 m and 1412 m), rendita (6 kg) and denier (2.46 d and 2.79 d) respectively.

M. Devamani^*

Centre for Higher Studies in Botany and Sericulture (Periyar University), Vaikkalpattarai, Salem, Tamil Nadu (636 017), India

N. Dahira Beevi

Centre for Higher Studies in Botany and Sericulture (Periyar University), Vaikkalpattarai, Salem, Tamil Nadu (636 017), India

A. Mohan

Kandaswami Kandar's College, Velur, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu (638 182), India

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a well-documented problem in food crops, causing decreased crop yields, nutritional quality. It has been estimated that about 50 per cent of cereal cultivated soils of India are deficient in zinc to support high crop yields. There is a synergistic effect between applied zinc in rice because Zn is very dependent on the size of plant available Zn pools in soil, in most parts of cereal growing areas, soils have less availability of Zn to plant roots. Till-date, the focus was on balanced application of N, P, K. But of late, it has been realized that deficiency of many secondary and micronutrients can also further limit the productivity of the many field crops. In India, first reported zinc deficiency in lowland rice.  Thereafter, it has recognized as a wide spread and important nutritional problem throughout the rice- growing world. Zn plays role in synthesis of plant growth substances and enzyme systems and is essential for promoting certain metabolic reactions. It is necessary for production of chlorophyll and carbohydrates. Zinc deficiency affects stem elongation, auxin activities and protein synthesis.

Jhutan Debnath

Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya , Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal (736 165), India

Joy Kumar Dey^*

Institute of agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal (731 236), India

Prajjal Dey

Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha (751 003), India

Clupisoma garua (Hamilton, 1822) commonly known as ‘garuabachcha’ under the order Siluriformes and family Schilbeidae, a potamodromous species, demersal habitat and found both fresh as well as brackish water. The species is mainly distributed in Asian countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Nepal and found mainly large freshwater bodies. The species are categorized as Least Concern (LC) by IUCN but kept as Vulnerable (Vu) category by the CAMP and CAFF reports. It is anomini-carnivore species and feeds on insects, molluscs, crustaceans and small fishes in wild conditions. The species have both food and ornamental values and the medium-size individual also treated as game fish in India. Through the species is said to be widely distributed but threatened in some localities like southern West Bengal, due to overfishing andanthropogenic activities.In the present review, we have tried to give detail information of ‘garuabachcha’, which will be useful to know the species, its potential importance and suitable conservation measures may carry out accordingly.

Dibakar Bhakta^*

ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Center, B-12, Hans Society, Harney Road, Vadodara-390 022, Gujarat, INDIA

Sonia

ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Center, B-12, Hans Society, Harney Road, Vadodara-390 022, Gujarat, INDIA

Majority of soils in Tripura are strongly acidic having a pH range of 5.1-5.5. Groundnut, an oilseed crop, can grow well in coarse-textured soils which facilitate the better growth and development of groundnut pods. The low soil pH is associated with a number of soil chemical and biological properties that manifest themselves as the components of the acid soil syndrome. There are some specific problems which are associated with acid soils e.g., aluminum, iron and manganese toxicity; molybdenum deficiency; failures in legume nodulation; increase in plant disease, and calcium and magnesium deficiency. These conditions may adversely affect groundnut growth. Liming is an important proposition to combat soil acidity, however, everywhere this approach does not prove economical and most of the time it is out of the reach of resource poor farmers. Thus, judicious application of lime and integrated nutrient management (combinations of bio-fertilizer, greeen manuring, organic manure and chemical fertilizer) can be practiced to formulate an integrated programme for acid soil management which will be eco-friendly and economically feasible tool to conquer productivity barrier and to attain sustainable groundnut production in acid soils of Tripura.

D. Dey^*

Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan 731236, Birbhum, West Bengal, INDIA

M.C. Kundu

Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan 731236, Birbhum, West Bengal, INDIA

D. Sen

Dept. of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Lembuchera-799210, West Tripura, INDIA

An exploratory study was conducted to review the secondary extension activities conducted by fisheries discipline under Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), South Tripura. Primary objective of a Krishi Vigyan Kendra is to frontline extension through assessment or refinement of technology (On Farm Trials, OFTs), Frontline Demonstrations (FLDs) and conducting training programmes for farmers, rural youths, and extension personnel. Conducting other extension activities which include a wide range of extension events is another mandated activity of KVK. This paper attempted to review the performance conducted in terms of other extension activities than OFT, FLD and Training in fisheries by KVK South Tripura from 2007-08 to 2019-20. The Study identified three categories of extension activities viz., individual, group and mass communication-based events and made the trend analysis of a number of extension activities carried out under each category. It was observed that the number of most of the activities were gradually increased over the years from 2007-08 to 2019-20. Time series pattern didn’t show a similar trend for different types of extension activities over the last 13 years. Few activities were conducted in substantial numbers, whereas a number of activities for few extension events required to be explored for possibilities. There is a lot of scope and potential usefulness for conducting such events under other extension activities on fisheries at KVK, South Tripura.

Biswajit Debnath^*

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, South Tripura, Manpathar, BC Manu, Tripura (799 144), India

In most of the countries, agricultural systems are the backbone of main economic sectors contributing to political stability. In a country, like India, whose economy is largely dependent on agriculture produce and exports, any such malicious attack can grossly destabilise the socio-economic structure. In many countries food price are kept very low due to production efficiencies and disease controls. So, the concept of ‘‘Agro-terrorism” or agricultural terrorism starts to assume vital importance since a disease outbreak in an agricultural system could lose billions of dollars, cause poor production efficiency, drive higher food prices, exports of valuable commodities will be stop, and so create economical instability. What is really needed is to treat the agro-terrorism menace at par with that of other kinds of terror and evolve a well-conceived strategy to deal with it. For this, anti-agro-terrorism models from other countries can be studied and adapted to the Indian situation. Such an effort is worth it even if the threat perception ceases to exist. A constant surveillance against pests and diseases of crops and animals will help combat even natural epidemics that often take a heavy toll on crop and livestock output.

Jayashree Bhattacharjee^*

Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Tripura, Tripura, India

Debashre Bhattacharjee

Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Tripura, Tripura, India

Ipsita Samal

ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Division of Entomology, New Delhi (110 001), India

The alleviation of soil physical constraints limiting crop production is considered important to increase agricultural production and sustaining the productivity of soils. The major soil physical constraints include high soil permeability, soil surface crusting, sub-surface mechanical impedance, and soil hardening. Studies indicated that the management of highly permeable soils such as by compaction increased yields of various crops. Soil surface crusting could be managed by the application of FYM on seed lines at the rate of 4 t/ha. Application of tank silt has improved the physical properties of soil like reduces the bulk density and improved the water holding capacity of the soil.

M. Yuvaraj^*

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Vazhavachanure, Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu (606 753), India

Black pepper is most important spice of the world and called as "King of Spices”. Several insect and non insect pests cause yield loss in this crop. Among them, Pollu beetle, top shoot borer, marginal leaf gall thrips, scales, mealy bugs and nematodes are worthy to note. These pests can be well efficiently managed by following integrated management tactics viz., field sanitation, cultural, biological and chemical methods.

T. Sathyan^*

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, CPPS, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

K. Elanchezhyan

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, AC&RI, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu (628 252), India

N. Murugesan

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, AC&RI, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu (628 252), India

Rice is one of the important cereals of the world particularly in Asian countries and forms staple diet for more than 50 per cent of the population. Brown plant hopper is one of the major culprits for huge economic crop losses of rice. The BPH infestation occurred in all rice growing areas of Asian countries and cause huge yield losses by destruction of the crop. Integrated management of BPH should be followed by combining the availability of resources and economics of farmers. Surveillance and monitoring are the prime strategies to make effective management operations.

K. Elanchezhyan^*

Dept. of Agricultural Entomolgy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Killikulam, Vallanadu, Tamil Nadu (628 252), India

T. Sathyan

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

K.R. Manikandan

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) the queen of spices enjoys a unique position in the international spice market. It is often named as the third most expensive spice in the world after cinnamon and clove. The cardamom plants firstly came into existence in the monsoon forests of Western Ghats in southern India as wild herbs. Hot and humid environment prevailing under evergreen rain forests of the Western Ghats is ideal for this crop. In order to raise a cardamom plantation, seedlings or suckers of high yielding varieties are used. Superior quality produce achieved by good cultivation practices and scientific post-harvest management. Proper management of the plantation is the most important factor for successful cultivation of the small cardamom.

Navya Vishweshwar Bhat

Dept. of Fruit Science and Horticulture Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar (751 003), India

Pavankumar Goudar^*

Dept. of Agronomy, COA, Pasighat, CAU, Imphal, Manipur (791 102), India

Increasing consumption of food, feed, fuel and to meet global food security needs for the rapidly growing human population, raise the necessity to breed high yielding crops that can adapt to the future climate changes, particularly in developing countries. To solve these global challenges, novel approaches are required to identify quantitative phenotypes and to explain the genetic basis of agriculturally important traits. These advances will facilitate the screening of germplasm with high performance characteristics in resource limited environments. High-throughput phenotyping platforms have also been developed that capture phenotype data from plants in a non-destructive manner. In this review, we discuss recent developments of high throughput plant phenotyping infrastructure including imaging techniques and corresponding principles for phenotype data analysis. Phenomics is a way of speeding up phenotyping with the help of high-tech imaging systems and computing power. It has been a practice in plant breeding for selecting the best genotype after studying phenotypic expression in different environmental conditions and also using them in hybridization programs, to develop new improved genotypes.

Md. Ramjan^*

College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh (791 102), India

B.N. Hazarika

College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh (791 102), India

Naorem Bidyaleima Chanu

College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh (791 102), India

Liming is the key to success of crop production on acid soils. The practice however has not met wider adoption, due largely to the higher doses of lime requirement. To ascertain the effect of lime pelleting (seed pelleting with lime) vis-a-vis higher doses of lime as required for furrow application and broadcasting, we conducted a greenhouse pot experiment wherein common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was grown with five treatments: T₁: control (no lime), T₂: lime pelleting with gum arabic, T₃: lime pelleting with rice starch, T₄: lime application @ 300 kg ha^-1 equivalent dose, and T₅: lime application @ 3000 kg ha^-1 equivalent dose. Lime pelleting caused 12-14% improvement in crop yield compared to 31 and 38% increments at higher doses of lime application i.e., T₄ and T₅, respectively, with a commensurate increase in associated yield parameters. Higher leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD index) caused by liming and lime pelleting suggested improved plant nutrition. Rhizosphere pH increased with liming (p≤0.05), with corresponding reductions in exchangeable Al and acidity, but the effects of lime pelleting were discernible only at lower levels of statistical significance (p≤0.2). Contrary to the popular belief, liming reduced soil P availability, implying that the growth stimulation by liming was not caused by increased P availability, but by reduced Al toxicity and ensuing improvement in plant’s nutrient acquisition efficiency. To conclude, lime pelleting is proposed as an alternative low-cost, easily-adoptable technology for reducing lime requirement and for improving pulse productivity on acidic soils.

Manoj Kumar^*

ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

ICAR-RCER, Research Centre for Makhana (RCM), Darbhanga, Bihar (846 005), India

S. Hazarika

ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

B.U. Choudhury

ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

B.C. Verma

ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

CRURRS, ICAR-NRRI, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand (825 301), India

D.J. Rajkhowa

ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

Reshma Shinde

ICAR-RCER, Research Centre, Ranchi, Jharkhand (834 010), India

Shikha Yadav

ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

Arvind Kumar

ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

Recycling of organic waste material or bio-waste is still fairly limited in low and middle income settings, although this is by far the largest fraction of all generated municipal wastes such as households, commercial and institutional activities in urban population. Further, expansion of intensive and profitable livestock production are constrained by increasing feed costs, especially the protein ingredients. Both of these factors lead to the need for alternative feed ingredients that are cheap, good quality animal protein sources and do not require extensive land and would be available. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) can remarkably able to transform any kind of organic waste biomass into protein rich larvae which can meet the demand of reliable protein. In contrast to other dipteran species, BSF is not considered as pest and its larvae can reduce populations of harmful bacteria. They feed on organic resources i.e., fruit remains, animal manure, vegetables and brewers’ spent grains and convert into high-quality insect protein and fat. They contain high amount of crude protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and larval meal has been satisfactorily used in livestock and fish feed. Replacement of soyabean and fish meal with BSF larvae is evidently cost effective and significant in terms of body weight gain in broiler, hen day egg production in layers and growth in growing pigs. However, dietary inclusion of BSF larvae meal needs more attention to the total fat content of the diet and its undesirable effect on the nutritional composition or flavor of meat and eggs.

Nonigopal Shit^*

Regional Research Station - Terai Zone, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar, West Bengal (736 165), India

Micronutrients are important not only for better productivity of crops, but also essential for sustaining human and animal health. There is a widespread deficiency of micronutrients especially zinc in the Indian soils. Micronutrient malnutrition is known to affect more than half of the world’s population and considered to be among the most serious global challenges to mankind. Malnutrition is of great public health significance in various developing and underdeveloped countries. Deficiency of iron and zinc can cause various severe health issues. Modern plant breeding has been historically focused towards achieving high agronomic yield rather than nutritional quality, and other efforts related to solve the problem have been mainly through industrial fortification or pharmaceutical supplementation. In humans, problems caused due to micronutrient deficiencies can be solved through biofortification. Biofortification is a promising and sustainable agriculture-based strategy to reduce micronutrient deficiency in dietary food substances. Effective biofortification techniques need to be recognized and applied in an effort to enrich the micronutrient content in the staple crops. Foliar fertilization with micronutrients often increases nutrient uptake and efficient allocation in the edible plant parts than soil fertilization, especially in the case of cereals. Agronomic biofortification can be a way to enrich the food crops leading to decreased micronutrient malnutrition in humans. Moreover, it is the most cost effective and sustainable solution for tackling the micronutrient deficiencies as the intake of micronutrients is on a continuing basis with no additional costs to the consumer in the arid-tropics and sub-tropics of developing countries.

Sumit Sow^*

Dept. of Agronomy, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar (813 210), India

Shivani Ranjan

Dept. of Agronomy, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar (813 210), India

Food preservation is a fundamental practice essential for ensuring the availability and safety of food over extended periods. Drawing from centuries-old practices passed down through generations, along with the latest technological innovations offers a comprehensive solution to the challenges of food preservation in the 21^st century. By leveraging traditional methods such as fermentation, drying and pickling with advancements like vacuum sealing, high-pressure processing and controlled atmosphere storage, food preservation becomes not only a means of extending shelf life but also a way of enhancing nutritional value and flavour retention. Through this integration, a comprehensive approach that honours traditional wisdom while embracing future opportunities guarantees the effectiveness and sustainability of food preservation. This article demonstrates how this integration not only prolongs the shelf life of perishable goods but also improves food safety, quality and sustainability.

Shradha Suman Mishra

Faculty of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (752 054), India

Piyush Priyadarshi Jena

Faculty of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (752 054), India

Sandeep Keshari

Faculty of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (752 054), India

Archita Sethy

Faculty of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (752 054), India

Kalyana Saurabh Swain

Faculty of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (752 054), India

Simran Priyadarsini

Faculty of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (752 054), India

Jyoti Prakash Sahoo^*

Faculty of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (752 054), India

In today’s world of rising purchasing power and technological improvement, electronic waste poses a significant global pollution issue besides others leading to economic, environmental and health consequences. Developed nations often dump their e-waste into developing nations where informal recycling practices prevail and stakeholders are not bound by any regulations. Therefore, proper management and treatment of e-waste is important to reduce its hazardous impacts, reflecting the zero-waste management concept, a comprehensive approach recognizing waste together a resource and also a measure of modern society’s inefficiency. India stands third next to China and the USA producing 13 and 16 lakh tonnes in 2020-21 & 2021-22 respectively, according to CPCB. This article offers insights into India’s strategy for resource efficiency to address the e-waste sector challenges with transition from traditional waste management to a circular and resource-efficient system. This shift promotes sustainable practices fostering a circular economy approach to e-waste management.

Routhu Urmila Devi^*

Aquatic Environmental Management Discipline, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

Pritam Sarkar

Aquatic Environmental Management Discipline, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

Saurav Kumar

Aquatic Environmental Management Discipline, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

The mesmerizing science of nanotechnology is the process of manipulating atoms and molecules to produce materials characterized by their minuscule dimensions, including nanoparticles ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. Despite being relatively new areas of study, nanoscience and nanotechnology are rapidly emerging as the forefront of research, continually generating the latest discoveries. Every year, nearly 20-40% crop losses occur mainly due to diseases and pests. The only method currently used to control plant diseases are toxic pesticides and fungicides, which pose risks to both the human well-being and the ecosystem. To reduce these problems the only needed solution is nanotechnology. It employs the use of nanoparticles synthesized by various methods. Plant diseases are managed effectively by using diverse nanoparticles, like silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The rapid detection of plant pathogens, the biosensor-based control of pests and diseases, soil management and other areas are all greatly impacted by nanotechnology.

Dumpapenchala Vijayreddy^*

Dept. of Plant Pathology, School of Crop Protection, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

Pranab Dutta

Dept. of Plant Pathology, School of Crop Protection, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

Krishti Rekha Puzari

Dept. of Plant Pathology, School of Crop Protection, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

A field investigation was carried out to analyze the seasonal incidence of different insect pests and their natural enemies in tomato ecosystem along with their correlation with weather parameters from December, 2020 to April, 2021. A total number of 10 insect pests and 11 natural enemies were documented throughout the season. Among those insect pests recorded, tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera was the major one (49.91% relative abundance) followed by aphid, Aphis gossypii (18.62%), serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii (16.20%) and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (7.33%). Among the natural enemies, coccinellids were found abundantly and Coccinella transversalis recorded the highest relative abundance of 26.77% followed by Cheilomenes propinqua (10.23%), Cheilomenes sexmaculata (10.23%) and Coccinella septempunctata (9.44%). The findings of the experiment indicated that the maximum population of Helicoverpa armigera and L. trifolii was observed on the 10^th SMW. While in case of A. gossypii it was observed on the 7^th SMW respectively. The correlation between insect infestations and meteorological conditions demonstrated that the min temp. showed notable positive correlation with H. armigera and Aphis gossypii population and considerable negative correlation with L. trifolii. The max temp. showed noteworthy negative correlation with L. trifolii and Aphis gossypii. The morning relative humidity was found to possess significant positive correlation with L. trifolii and negative correlation with H. armigera. The evening relative humidity showed negative correlation with L. trifolii and Aphis gossypii. The study's findings provide a clear picture of the level of harm caused by insect pests in addition to helping us anticipate the seasonal occurrence of these pests for the purposes of pest monitoring and management.

Tanjil Rahman^*

School of Crop Protection, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

Anjumoni Devee

Dept. of Entomology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam (785 013), India

Pranab Dutta

School of Crop Protection, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

Quality assessment of soil has become an important activity in the view of protecting and preserving soil as well as sustaining its function. Soil spectroscopy has proven to be a rapid, cost-effective and environmentally friendly method of soil assessment, effectively addressing many of the limitations of conventional methods. The spectral soil analysis includes preparing soil samples, acquiring spectral data, pre-processing of data and selecting a suitable statistical model for the desired output. Different soil attributes exhibit sensitive bands in the spectral reflectance curve. By leveraging the changes in reflectance values at distinct wavebands, soil attributes can be accurately evaluated. The interference of chromophores with physical properties of soil, overlapping of absorption features sometimes restricts the use of spectroscopy. Incorporating supplementary variables into the modelling process can alleviate this constraint and improve the effectiveness of spectroscopic analysis.

Riaj Rahaman

Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (110 012), India

Sunanda Biswas^*

Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (110 012), India

The environment quality directly linked to life’s quality on earth. In the present scenario due to the increasing growth and development in the human society, the stability in the climate is drastically changing. Due to the increase in manufacturing industries and intensification in agriculture, results in release of harmful chemical compounds which leads to soil and water contamination. Therefore, we need a biological mechanism with which we can enhance the quality of our life by transforming and eliminating the organic or inorganic pollutants. Bioremediation is considered to be the best alternative nowadays for removal of these contaminants from environment. Bioremediation uses natural occurring microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) used to remove environmental contamination. This biological mechanism is safer than the existing physical and chemical treatments.

Shivali Dhiman

Dept. of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (177 001), India

Balbir Singh Dogra^*

Dept. of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (177 001), India

Shiv Pratap Singh

Dept. of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (177 001), India

Anuj Sohi

Dept. of Vegetable Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India

Climate change presents immense challenges to global agriculture, threatening food security through rising temperatures, erratic weather and evolving pests. Traditional agricultural practices are insufficient to address these issues, necessitating advanced plant breeding techniques. Unlocking genetic diversity, especially through wild germplasm, is critical for crop improvement. Advances in phenomics, sequencing and genome editing, alongside artificial intelligence, provide new avenues for developing climate-resilient crops. Plant breeding has historically revolutionized agriculture and continues to do so by enhancing crop varieties for higher production and resilience. Pre-breeding integrates desirable traits from wild relatives into modern cultivars, while marker-assisted selection and speed breeding accelerate genetic gains. Genome editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 enable precise modifications for improved stress tolerance. Integrating AI with phenomics enhances the efficiency of selecting better-performing breeding lines. Smart breeding approaches promise to address food security challenges, ensuring sustainable agriculture amidst climate change.

Divya Chaudhary^*

ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi (110 012), India

Sivendra Joshi

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Center, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand (263 145), India

Biostimulants have emerged as a vital component in modern agricultural practices, offering significant benefits for fruit crop production. These substances, whether of natural or synthetic origin, exert beneficial effects on plant growth by enhancing metabolic processes and improving stress tolerance, thereby augmenting both crop yield and quality. Moreover, they contribute positively to soil health, further bolstering their impact on agricultural productivity. Principal categories of biostimulants encompass humic substances, seaweed extracts, amino acids and protein hydrolysates, microbial inoculants and silicon-based products. Each category functions through a different mechanism, such as increasing the absorption of nutrients, promoting the growth of roots, controlling hormone levels and increasing the water-use efficiency. In order to ensure crop resilience, support sustainable agriculture and satisfy the increasing demand for premium fruit crops worldwide, biostimulants are well-positioned to play a significant role. This article examines how biostimulants can boost fruit crop yield while maintaining the safety and quality of the food supply.

Nishchala^*

Dept. of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture & Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (177 001), India

Aashima Sharma

Dept. of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture & Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (177 001), India

Akriti Banyal

Dept. of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture & Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (177 001), India

Shiv Kumar Shivandu

Dept. of Fruit Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India

Ishani Sharma

Dept. of Fruit Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India

Greater than 400 million years of natural selection acting throughout the arthropod has resulted in highly specialized and potentially efficient processes to create a protein-based fiber with adequate properties that are a source of inspiration for all. Silk spinning has been observed in various organism including spiders and insects. It exhibits a notable biological source of inspiration for advanced polymer fabrications. Silk spinning has offers a potential significance in polymer and synthetics manufacturing. With the passage of times advancement achieves in various steps of process in sericulture areas and produced good quality of silk.

Pavithra A.^*

Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Monica S.S.

Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Hariharan Selvam

Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Mega University, Hyderabad Hub, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Rivers provide vital resources like drinking water, irrigation for agriculture and habitats for a variety of animals, making them the lifeblood of ecosystems and human civilizations. Water levels have significantly decreased as a result of human activity's growing threat to the sustainability and health of river systems. The various ways that human activity affects river water levels are examined in this abstract, including groundwater extraction, agricultural practices, urbanisation, industrialization, deforestation and changes in land use. The objective is to draw attention to how these issues are interconnected and offer long-term fixes to lessen their negative consequences. River water depletion is primarily caused by agricultural operations. River flows are significantly reduced by extensive water withdrawal for agriculture, particularly during dry seasons. Fertiliser and pesticide use further contaminates river water, reducing its usefulness. This problem is made worse by urbanisation and industrialization, which raise the demand for industrial and municipal water.

Somdutt Tripathi

Dept. of Agril. Extension, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology (BUAT), Banda, Uttar Pradesh (210 001), India

Nirmal Chandra^*

Dept. of Agril. Extension, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology (BUAT), Banda, Uttar Pradesh (210 001), India

Anjali Pandey

Dept. of Agri. Extension Education, SVPUAT, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh (250 110), India

Tanu Shree Maurya

Dept. of Agril. Extension, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology (BUAT), Banda, Uttar Pradesh (210 001), India

Parthenium hysterophorus may have migrated to India in 1910 on germplasm from diseased cereals, but it wasn't discovered until 1956. Since its discovery in 1955, weed has spread to about 42 million acres of land. The individual weed can yield 10,000 to 15,000 viable seeds due to its extraordinary fecundity. Four weeks after germination, plants are ready to blossom and produce seeds. This important global weed is also a significant risk to biodiversity and causes crucial health problems for humans and animals, including dermatitis, asthma and bronchitis. Chemical control must be managed appropriately. When plants are young and haven't set seed, weed should be pulled. However, merely limiting its expansion is not enough to get rid of it; instead, it can be managed through utilizing it for different purpose.

R. Sathya Priya^*

Dept. of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

N. Jagathjothi

Dept. of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

M. Kathiravan

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Vazhavachanur, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (606 753), India

M. Yuvaraj

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Vazhavachanur, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (606 753), India

Jaiby Cyriac

Dept. of Botany, Newman College, Thodupuzha, Kerala (685 585), India

A long-lived herb of Madagascar, Hypoestes phyllostachya Baker has been observed to exhibit bio-invasive activity in the highlands of Kerala state, India. First reported in Manipur, India as an invasive plant, this perennial herb has now invaded several rural areas adjacent to many protected areas in Kerala part of Western Ghats. Field observations indicate that thickets of Hypoestes smother and kill native plants. Plant nurseries in central Kerala are currently marketing H. phyllstachya as a garden plant. Failure to take early actions to effectively control Hypoestes will help it to quickly establish itself as another plant of high nuisance value.

Vishnu Chandran M.^*

Dept. of Forest Resource Management, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala (680 656), India

Gopakumar, S.

Dept. of Forest Resource Management, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala (680 656), India

Climate change affects the environment, including temperature, humidity and rainfall patterns with significant impacts on the host-parasite relationship. Changes in temperature and humidity influence vector biology, behaviour and disease transmission. Pathogens and vectors undergo genetic changes due to climate change, affecting their virulence and resistance. A sustainable solution involves social forestry and planting trees to reduce greenhouse gases and regulate climate. Forests also provide shade, regulate temperatures and enhance water retention. Conservation of habitats preserves biodiversity and ecological balance. Addressing climate change requires comprehensive strategies, including mitigation and adaptation. Measures must enhance community and ecosystem resilience and promote sustainable practices in agriculture, energy and transportation. A comprehensive and sustainable approach is essential to tackle this global challenge.

J.K. Chamuah^*

ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

Lorenbeni Kikon

St. Joseph University, Chumoukedima, Nagaland (797 115), India

Imnatemjen Aier

ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

Kobu Khate

ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

Kezhavituo Vupru

ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

Narendra V.

ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

The story of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) is presented in detail, covering its discovery in 1901 and its rise to prominence in the worldwide fight against pests. Originating with Shigetane Ishiwata's isolation in 1901 and Ernst Berliner's identification in 1911, Bt's milestones include the 1958 commercialization and 1996 introduction of genetically modified Bt crops, covering 1.5 billion hectares by 2022. Bt, a dominant force in biocontrol with over 98% of commercialized biopesticides, employs diverse toxins such as Cry, Cyt and Vip families. Its precise insecticidal action, notably Cry proteins' multistep mechanism, targets key pests like Fall Armyworm and Diamondback Moth. Bt's versatile applications extend to combating nematodes and genetic exploration through advanced techniques, including whole genome sequencing. Indigenous Bt isolates, exemplified by T405 and T414, showcase robust toxicity. Phylogenetic tree construction unravels the evolutionary pathways of insecticidal crystal proteins, portraying Bt as a resilient force in safeguarding agriculture and ecosystems. This review concludes by envisioning the future evolution of Bt's application in agriculture, emphasizing sustainable practices guided by the collaboration between nature and science.

Berryish Metha, C.^*

Dept. of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Samuel Peter

Dept. of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Bishnupriya Gauda

Dept. of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Dhanvarsha M.

Dept. of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Selsiya Billy

Dept. of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, represents a significant phytopathological challenge affecting rice crop. The present investigation aimed to investigate the effectiveness of integrated disease management (IDM) in reducing the bacterial leaf blight incidence in rice and improving the crop economics thereby as compared to those under conventional and chemical control practices. Field trials were conducted in Mirzapur district, India, with three treatments: T₁ (conventional control), T₂ (chemical control) and T₃ (IDM). It was found that IDM significantly reduced BLB incidence (7.81%) compared to the other treatments (18.0% and 11.21% under T₁ and T₂, respectively). Crop yield was highest in the IDM treatment, followed by the chemical control and conventional control treatments. IDM also yielded in the highest net return and benefit-cost ratio, indicating its economic viability. These findings suggest that IDM is an effective and sustainable approach for managing BLB and improving rice production.

Jai P. Rai^*

Mycology and Plant Pathology (BHU-KVK), Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh (231 001), INDIA

Phosphorus (P) plays an important role in the inland aquatic ecosystems. However, inland aquatic ecosystems like, wetlands, reservoirs, and rivers are gradually accumulating this element and as a consequence eutrophication becomes a global problem. Eutrophication causes excessive algal growth, disrupting the composition and distribution of aquatic flora and fauna, disturbing the aquatic food web and also degrading the recreational area. Therefore, the management of eutrophication is necessary for the restoration of freshwater aquatic bodies. Conventional treatments like chemical treatments lead to the addition of external chemicals to the ecosystem. Hence, technologies, for rapidly reducing phosphorus content or influx and reduction in organic matter are necessary to overcome the problem of eutrophication in long term. Green techniques are also referred to as an environmentally friendly solution to this problem. Various green techniques like phytoremediation, microbial remediation, and the use of agricultural waste as green adsorbent for remediation may be the alternative options for P mitigation in freshwater ecosystems.

Jesna P.K.

Regional Centre of ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka (560 089), India

Ajoy Saha^*

ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 120), India

B.K. Das

ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 120), India

Phytohormones are organic compounds, other than nutrients and vitamins, which are produced naturally in plants, synthesized in one part and usually translocated to other part where in very small quantity it affects the growth and other physiological function of the plant. These are classified into two types namely plant growth promoters (Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinins) and plant growth inhibitors (Ethylene and Abscisic acid). Certain compounds synthesized artificially also cause many physiological responses common to phytohormones. But the more recent ones such as brassinosteroids and jasmonates cannot be excluded from PGRs due to their significant role in important functions of plants. It is obvious that changes in the level of endogenous hormones due to biotic and abiotic stress alter the crop growth and any sort of manipulation including exogenous application of growth substances would help for yield improvement or at least sustenance of the crop.

Reva Jaryal^*

Dept. of Seed Science and Technology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India

Divesh Thakur

Dept. of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India

Anogeissus latifolia belongs to the family Combretaceae. It is an important multipurpose tree species found distributed in semi-evergreen and deciduous forests of different states of India. It is one of the tree species yielding gum with medicinal values. It is commonly known as gum ghatti or Axle wood tree. The plant is valuable as a fodder, fuel, timber and medicinal plant. It is one of the secondary food plants for tropical tasar silkworm. The leaves as well as the bark of the tree are used for tanning. Different parts viz. bark, gum and root of A. latifolia find medicinal importance in various indigenous systems of medicine. A. latifolia is one of the ingredients in several Ayurvedic formulations.

S. Vennila^*

Dept. of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Tiruvanamalai, Tamil Nadu (606 753), India

C. Cinthia Fernandaz

ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nilgiris, TNAU, Tamil Nadu (643 101), India

S. Kala

Dept. of Agricultural Research and Education, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Research Centre, Kota, Rajasthan (324 002), India

H.B. Roghan

Dept. of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu (641 301), India

Blockchain technology is revolutionizing the Indian agricultural sector by providing a secure, transparent, and immutable platform to store data. This technology can be used to track and monitor agricultural products from farm to fork, reducing paperwork and decreasing costs. Moreover, it can help farmers get better prices for their produce by connecting them directly with buyers. Additionally, blockchain technology can enable farmers to access finance more easily by allowing them to create digital identities that can be used as collateral for loans. Blockchain Technology is an extremely promising technology that has the potential to reinvent agriculture by speeding up processes and delivering services, at a much lower cost. The possibilities offered by this technology are endless and have the potential to transform the Indian agricultural sector for the better.

Deepak Kumar Meena^*

Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Darshana Brahma

Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Rakesh Dawar

Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Samrath Lal Meena

Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

R.S. Bana

Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

The majority of medications, chemicals, and vaccinations are only partially effective, but immunostimulants overcomes these drawbacks. It can be found in both biological and synthetic forms. It is used in aquaculture as a prophylactic agent to prevent disease from occurring. It stimulates the host’s immune response and strengthens the immune system. It improves the survival and disease resistance of cultured organisms while also being cost effective. In this paper, we briefly reviewed about the immunostimulant’s perspectives in the fisheries sector, especially in larval rearing. This review sheds light on different immunostimulants categories, significance during rearing and their role in aquaculture.

Lavanya K.^*

Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu (628 008), India

Krishnaveni K.N.

Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Aquaculture, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Muttukadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (603 112), India

The ecosystem and marine life are both severely harmed by oil spills in the water. When it coats plants and animals, removes their insulating qualities, and contaminates them when they try to clean themselves or consume oiled prey, oil can cause bodily harm to them. Moreover, oil can disrupt breeding and reproduction by fouling bird or turtle nests on the coast, reducing viability, and suffocating eggs before they hatch. Oil-affected females may produce eggs with brittle, thinner shells. Moreover, dispersants have been shown to increase the bioavailability of oil components, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish. The amount and kind of oil that spills, the location, the weather, the time of year, and many other variables all affect how much damage is done. Massive spills have broad-ranging immediate effects and may harm certain impacted ecosystems in long-term. Chronic discharges, such as those from improper oil disposal and roadway runoff, can also be harmful.

Pragati Inwati^*

College of Fisheries, Mangalore, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, Karnataka (575 002), India

Durgesh Kumar Verma

ICAR-CIFRI, Regional Centre, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh (211 002), India

Harsha Harinkhede

College of Fisheries, Mangalore, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, Karnataka (575 002), India

Although guava plants were domesticated over 2000 years ago, their commercial cultivation was not reported until 1526. Since then, significant achievements have been made in the breeding of guava, and in India, work on guava improvement began for the first time in 1907. Achievements in guava breeding have significantly helped to increase the profitability of guava cultivation and have been a subject of research for several decades. Breeding programs have been successful worldwide to develop guava cultivars with improved yield and enhanced disease resistance and fruit quality. In the future, the development of genetic linkage maps, tools like marker-assisted selection (MAS), clonal fingerprinting, genome sequencing, transcriptomics, genome-wide association studies, genetic diversity analysis, etc. will facilitate crop improvement approaches in the guava.

Akshay^*

Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Madhubala Thakre

Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

As a result of public concerns, GM plants may be able to satisfy the needs of an expanding population. GM plants are created to acquire advantageous characteristics like insect and disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, and others. In India, weeds are responsible for around one-third of crop output losses. Weed management became easier and more energy-efficient with the advent of herbicides. The chemical weed management approach has quickly spread around the world and emerged as one of the most efficient instruments to manage weeds due to its low cost and quick performance. Unfortunately, the current situation's emergence of herbicide resistance poses a threat to this essential technique. Herbicide-resistant weeds are weed species that have evolved the capacity to withstand the application of an herbicide that previously controlled them. This leads to the evolution of super weeds.

Gobikashri N.^*

Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 114), India

Kousalya A.

Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 114), India

Jennifer Flora G.

Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 114), India

In India, pigeonpea occupies 16% of the total agricultural area under pulses and contributes 17% of the total production. Among the yield limiting factors the biotic and abiotic stresses occupies prime position in pigeonpea cultivation. The pigeonpea pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa is emerging as a threat to pigeonpea cultivation in Tamil Nadu. The hidden enemy causes 12-100% pod loss and the medium and long-duration pigeonpea are more prone to pod fly damage. The grubs emerging from the eggs initially scrap the seed surface and later mine into seed to feed the inner contents. The damaged seeds are unsuitable for consumption and also for seed purposes.

Shanmugam, P.S.^*

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

R. Ramesh

National Pulses Research Centre, TNAU, Vamban, Tamil Nadu (622 303), India

T. Srinivasan

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

V. Baskaran

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Weed control is critical to maintaining agricultural yield, farm profitability and food security in India, where weeds account for one-third of pest-related losses. Herbicidal-based weed management is very popular among the various weed control solutions because it is very effective at managing weeds while also saving a significant amount of time and effort. Over-reliance on herbicides, like other pesticides, has been criticized for a number of reasons, including herbicide resistance in weeds, weed shifts, surface and groundwater water pollution, herbicide residues in food chains, toxicity on non-target organisms, risk in farming systems, and so on. The growing concern about pesticide side effects has largely driven the emphasis on organic weed management. Organic weed management is a multi-pronged approach that includes preventive, physical, cultural or ecological, biological, allelopathic and organically derived chemical-based approaches.

Akarsha Raj^*

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan (313 001), India

Anjali Rawat

Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh (176 062), India

The coconut tree is known as the "Kalpavriksha" or "Tree of Paradise" because every portion of the coconut is valuable. The rhinoceros beetle, coconut mite, red palm weevil and coconut black-headed caterpillar are the most destructive insect pests of coconut that are of national concern. In many nations the coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer, is the most notorious and significant pests of coconut fruits. It has disseminated to most places of the world where coconuts are produced. The effect of the mites in the affected areas shows that the spread of Coconut mite to these significant producers might result in extremely high losses. IPM is a comprehensive strategy to lessen the impact of pests and keep the ecosystem in balance. IPM technology clearly offers an edge over traditional management techniques. A sustainable agroecosystem is more practical, affordable and environmentally beneficial.

Pramod Kumar Mishra^*

Dept. of Entomology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (208 002), India

Ankit Upadhyay

Dept. of Entomology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (208 002), India

Arun Kumar

Dept. of Entomology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (208 002), India

Dhananjay Kushwaha

Dept. of Entomology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (208 002), India

Ashutosh Singh Aman

Dept. of Entomology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (208 002), India

Horticulture crops have traditionally required long-term breeding programmes for the development of new varieties, primarily due to their perennial nature and long juvenile phase. Speed breeding offer a promising solution to accelerate the generation advancement process, resulting in the rapid release of new varieties with desirable traits. This incorporates various breeding methods such as FasTrack breeding using genetically engineered tree flowering genes, tissue culture techniques, marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection and induced mutation breeding. Whereas, strategy related to speed breeding includes various cultural practices such as, grafting, application of plant bio-regulators, soil solarization and utilize dwarfing rootstocks. The shortened breeding cycle facilitated by speed breeding allows for faster release of new fruit varieties and meeting the increasing demand for horticultural products for the growing population. In this article, we will discuss the speed breeding techniques and strategies that play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of fruit crop breeding.

Bhupendra Sagore^*

Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (110 012), India

Brijesh Kumar Yadav

Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (110 012), India

Rakesh Meena

College of Horticulture and Forestry, Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan (326 023), India

Ritu Chaurasia

Dept. of Fruit Science, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India

Suraj Kumar

Dept. of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

The value and final usage of wool are determined by a number of characteristics, including fineness, length, colour and appearance. One of the most crucial of these quality variables is fineness, which refers to the fibre diameter, grade and distribution. Whether or not the wool is utilised for a suit, jumper, blanket or pair of socks mostly depends on its fineness. The average diameter or thickness of the fibres is generally referred to as grade. The American or Blood method, the Spinning Count system and the Micron type system are the three ways of grading wool that are most frequently used in the United States. The average fibre diameter is measured by all three techniques and they are all comparable. This article discuss about the steps involved in processing and grading of wool.

Raghy Radhakrishnan^*

Dept. of LPM, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Pondicherry (605 009), India

J. Tamizhkumaran

Veterinary Services, Dvara E Dairy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 113), India

Reservoirs in Kerala serve a variety of purposes, including fisheries, which can potentially contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study attempts to estimate methane and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from reservoir fisheries as a precursor for promoting it as sustainable development. The carbon emissions from small, medium and large reservoirs from Kerala were estimated at 314.25, 644.82 and 184.8 tonnes km^-2day^-1. Despite being conserved, Peechi reservoir alone is a source of 1.2 tonnes of methane km^-2day^-1 and 36 tonnes of carbon dioxide km^-2day^-1, respectively. GHG emission from Pothundi reservoir can be estimated at 1.089 tonnes km^-2 of CO₂ eq. and 0.363 tonnes km^-2 of CH₄. These carbon foot print estimates where less compared to the same from aquaculture ponds and marine fisheries of India. This in turn explains the need for development for reservoir fisheries as it adheres to sustainable development goals.

Thankam Theresa Paul^*

ICAR-CIFRI Kochi Centre, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Abhirami Sajeevan

ICAR-CIFRI Kochi Centre, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Albin Albert C.

ICAR-CIFRI Kochi Centre, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Deepa Sudheesan

ICAR-CIFRI Kochi Centre, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Sandhya K.M.

ICAR-CIFT, Kochi, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

B.K. Das

ICAR-CIFRI, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 120), India

The pursuit of crop breeding for achieving global food security has been hindered by the lengthy breeding cycles required to develop suitable cultivars. Breeding efforts have long aimed to reduce crop duration with each successive generation. Speed breeding (SB) has developed as an innovative technology, offering the potential to hasten crop improvement through rapid generation advancement (RGA) and shorten the breeding cycle. SB's customized growth chambers play a crucial role in expediting plant phenotyping, crossing, mutant studies and transformation research. Although numerous crop-specific protocols for SB have been successfully developed for rice, wheat, barley and others; the SB protocol for maize remains to be established. Given the diverse applications and economic significance of maize, its production must be increased to meet future demand, making SB a promising approach for achieving this goal. This article examines the current status of SB and explores its potential for successful implementation in the future.

Pratikshya Mishra

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Smruti Ranjan Padhan^*

Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa campus, New Delhi (110 012), India

Land degradation is a common problem and almost 20% of the geographical area of India is occupied by the degraded land. To meet the global need of the population, restoration of degraded and marginal land is important for social-economic and environmental point of view. Conventional reclamation strategies like physico-chemical and biological method are not practical and cost-intensive. Revegetation could be a good rehabilitation process for degraded land. For this medicinal plant can be considered as a good candidate for revegetation since under stress condition medicinal plant produces large quantities of secondary metabolites which can help them to alleviate the stress they faced when grown in degraded land. Moreover, cultivation of medicinal plant is also lucrative option due to production of high-added-value final products. Therefore, adoption of medicinal plant in degraded and marginal land may help to restore this wasteland and also to achieve the objectives of sustainable development goals (SDGs).

B. B. Basak^*

ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat (387 310), India

Ajoy Saha

ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat (387 310), India

Regional Centre of ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka (560 089), India

Sowmya N.

ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat (387 310), India

Rohan Sarkar

ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat (387 310), India

A. P. Trivedi

ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat (387 310), India

Vertical farming (VF) is a novel plant production system that allows local production of high-quality fruits and vegetables for rapidly growing cities. VF offers a myriad of opportunities to move from genetic to environmental modification and to produce crops of guaranteed quality and quantity independent of weather, soil conditions, or climate change. Faced with fewer resources, successfully feeding the world will require more innovative and reliable ways to grow safe food. Vertical farming also allows for a wider variety of crops to be grown at once versus conventional farming which often uses mono-cropping techniques where only one crop is grown year after year. VF is a novel, climate-smart solution that could potentially address these demands.

V.D. Meena^*

ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan (321 303), India

M.L. Dotaniya

ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan (321 303), India

M.D. Meena

ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan (321 303), India

M.K. Meena

ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan (321 303), India

R.L. Choudhary

ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan (321 303), India

Harvir Singh

ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan (321 303), India

R.S. Jat

ICAR- Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan (321 303), India

Drying has been practiced since time immemorial for preserving fish. Sun drying, salting and smoking are considered as traditional methods for preserving fish. Most commonly performed fish preservation techniques was drying and salting. The advent of modern techniques of preservation such as freezing and canning reduced the importance of older methods. Nevertheless, the traditional methods were still in practice. In India, the export of dried and cured fish products has been declined due to the account of low quality. Sun drying hardly involves any expenditure as sun’s radiation is plentifully available for free of cost. Solar dryer technology can be utilized in small-scale food processing industries for producing hygienic, high-quality food products. It promotes renewable energy sources as income-generating units, apart from saving the world from the ill effects of climate change. The products produced with the solar dryer’s attained superior quality due to the advantage of controlling the parameters that influence quality and drying rate.

Vimaladevi S.^*

Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

Krishnaveni K.N.

Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

Sudarshan S.

Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

Vijayarahavan V.

Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

Alamelu V.

Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

News of the emergence of a new type of coronavirus claimed that this new virus, called NeoCov, was discovered in South Africa amongst bats, and it could enter human cells. The news reports are based on a Chinese research paper that is yet to be peer-reviewed. NeoCov is closely related to the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), a viral disease first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. The virus carries the high mortality rate as MERS-CoV and the high transmission rate as the current Covid virus. NeoCov can penetrate human cells in the same way as SARSCoV2. NeoCov does not infect humans in its current form, but further mutations may potentially make it harmful. As per the scientists, the NeoCov infection could not be neutralized by antibodies that target the Covid virus.

Jyoti Prakash Sahoo^*

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Pranaya Pradhan

Dept. of Nematology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Sudhanya Nath

Dept. of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 037), India

Kailash Chandra Samal

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae is a bacterial disease affecting wild and cage culture fishes. Its etiological agent, the gram negative bacterium Photobacterium damselae subsp. damsela, is responsible for important economic losses in cultured fish worldwide. It has been isolated from epizootic outbreaks affecting several cultured fish species especially Gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata and European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax and new cultured marine fish species. Moreover, this pathogen has been reported to cause diseases in human, and for this reason, it may be considered as zoonotic pathogen. Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae is a facultative anaerobic, Gram negative rod, weakly motile. Furthermore, molecular methods represent an improvement over classical microbiological techniques for the identification of P. damselae subsp. damselae and the diagnosis of the disease. The complete sequencing, annotation, and analysis of the pathogen genome will provide insights into the pathogen laying the groundwork for the development of vaccines and diagnostic methods.

Petchimuthu, M.^*

Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

Kalaiselvan, P.

Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

Kaviarasu, D.

Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Nanoherbicides being smaller in size and posessing large surface area : volume ratio are more potent than the synthetic herbicides. Micro emulsions of herbicides protects them from being degraded from various sources hence increase their residual activity. Nanocarriers help in slow and gradual release of herbicide molecules thereby increasing their efficiency. Herbicide sensors can trace the entry, movement and metabolism of herbicides in plant. Although the nanoherbicides are ecologically, socially and economically more advantageous than the synthetic herbicides still more extensive research is needed to be done in this field to have a clearer understanding about their field level response and impact on ecosystem.

Madhab Kumar Datta^*

Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Sri Sri Vihar, Cuttack, Odisha (754 006), India

Rasmirekha Pattnaik

Dept. of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Sri Sri Vihar, Cuttack, Odisha (754 006), India

Sahuji Bandyopadhyay

Dept. of Agronomy and Agroforestry, MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha (761 211), India

Potato acreage and production have been steadily increasing over the years in India resulting in market gluts. Based on current data, potato production continues to grow, so surplus potato should be used and processed to avoid wasting this precious food. Processing potato and adding value is necessary for better use. The availability of raw potatoes is high only during the harvest season, and the availability of raw potatoes for processing is low for most of the year. Therefore, storage of potato is important to ensure that sufficient quantities of potato are available year-round for processing. Processing can open up a new dimension of small-scale farming and small-scale farming income. Consumer preferences and pattern of consumption needs to be evaluated to predict the acceptance of new products. This helps to prioritize the standardization of products that have a good future and demand in the market.

Roop Singh Dangi

Dept. of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (474 002), India

Neelam Singh^*

Dept. of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (474 002), India

Ekta Joshi

Dept. of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (474 002), India

Deep Singh Sasode

Dept. of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (474 002), India

Climatic changes and increasing climatic variability are likely to aggravate the problems of future food security by exerting pressure on agriculture. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21^st Century (IPCC, 2007). To deal with the impact of climate change, the potential adaptation strategies are: modifying crop management practices, improving water management, adopting new farm techniques such as resource conserving technologies (RCTs), crop diversification, improving pest management, better weather forecasting and harnessing the indigenous technical knowledge of farmers. Conservation agriculture is also a way to achieve goals of enhanced productivity and profitability while protecting natural resources and environment in this changing climatic scenario. This article attempts to provide the overall concept of conservation agriculture and its role in mitigating the effect of climate change.

Kajal Arora

Division of Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Food product testing is done through a series of methods like sampling, reagent preparations, sample processing using several methods and equipment, all of which are highly advanced and done by skilled manpower to provide accurate information about the nutritional value or safety of the food. Test results should come from a competent laboratory with appropriate technical expertise in food analysis using approved procedures and techniques. Various laboratory categories exist in India namely notified FSSAI private and government labs, Food business operators (FBO) with food testing labs, State labs, Institutional labs, Referral labs, Non- FSSAI/ NABL notified labs. Food testing laboratory is a complex ecosystem in terms of capacity, resource flow, equipment, technical manpower, geographical spread and testing capabilities. However, maintenance of this food testing laboratories involves a lot of challenges, that need attention to ensure sustainability of the testing facilities.

Aparna Kuna^*

MFPI-Quality Control Laboratory, PJTS Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Lakshmiprasanna Kata

MFPI-Quality Control Laboratory, PJTS Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of polyhydroxy steroid that has been identified as a sixth class of plant hormones. These steroids have the potential for wide practical applications in agriculture. Exogenous application of BRs has an impact on a wide range of physiological responses, accumulation of secondary metabolites and plants resistance to stress factors. Brassinosteroids affect various physiological events such as plant development, seed germination, rhizogenesis, flowering, rooting, cell expansion and cell elongation.

Thippeswamy B.^*

Division of Postharvest Management, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Sindhu P.M.

Division of Postharvest Management, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

RNA interference, which is part of a complex network of interconnected pathways for cellular defense, RNA surveillance and development. It has evolved into a powerful tool for manipulating gene expression in the laboratory. It is the process through which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) silences specific gene expression by degrading associated mRNA in a homology-dependent manner. Interfering RNA (RNAi) is a quick and easy method that can be used in a variety of organisms. The potential of RNAi technology is enormous. In this article, we discuss about how does RNAi works and its application in growth and development of plants.

Priya Sharma

Dept. of Genetics & Plant breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Parshant Kumar Sharma

Dept. of Genetics & Plant breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Poonam Sharma

Dept. of Genetics & Plant breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Shiva Nath,

Dept. of Genetics & Plant breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Ashim Debnath^*

Dept. of Genetics & Plant breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Inland fisheries of India harbours great potential and caters the protein requirement of the masses yet the vast potential is still underutilized due to the technical constraints associated with it. Limited information on the inland aquatic resources in turn limits its efficient utilization. Knowledge on the state-wise inland fishery potential was estimated in this study. Haryana recorded more productivity than any other Indian state owing to more fish production per area. The lack of utilization of fishery resources leads the top fish producing states like Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal to trail behind. The evaluation of estimates of fishery productivity of inland water resources helped in identifying the potential productive inland aquatic zones.

Thankam Theresa Paul^*

ICAR-CIFRI, CMFRI Campus, Ayappankavu, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Albin Albert C.

ICAR-CIFRI, CMFRI Campus, Ayappankavu, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Manoharan S.

ICAR-CIFRI, CMFRI Campus, Ayappankavu, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Sandhya K.M.

ICAR-CIFT, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala (682 029), India

Deepa Sudheeshan

ICAR-CIFRI, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 120), India

U.K. Sarkar

ICAR-CIFRI, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 120), India

Rice is an important food crop and attacked by various insect pests. There are few insect pests which affect the yield and productivity of the crop. Use of insecticides inevitable for the rice pest management. However, use of chemicals in the rice ecosystem had several problems and need to be addressed to save the wetland ecosystems. Use of common chemicals by the farmers in rice and various issues related to resistance, resurgence and residue were discussed.

R.P. Soundararajan^*

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

N. Chitra

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

M. Chandrasekaran

Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute (TNAU), Navalur Kuttapattu, Trichy, Tamil Nadu (620 027), India

Agriculture is in crisis. Soil health is collapsing. Biodiversity faces the sixth mass extinction. Crop yields are plateauing. The concept of a regenerative agriculture can be traced back to the cusp of the 1980’s sustainability evolution. In response to the apparent dichotomy between sustaining our growing human population through agricultural production, regeneration of resources for sustainable quest in changing scenario of global warming issues related with conventional practices. Regenerative agriculture could be proved as guide ground concept for overall improvement of soil water and environment millennium.

Akshay Kumar Yogi^*

ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Shila Neel

ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Narendra Kumar Bhinda

MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan (313 001), India

Monu Choudhary

MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan (313 001), India

In many studies we observe large number of variables and in these variables many of them gives common information that is why it is not worthy to study all the variables as it complicates analysis and interpretation. There it comes the use of data reduction techniques. These techniques extract some most influencing variables from the large variables. Factor analysis (FA) is a multivariate technique that is used to describe the relationships between different variables under study (observable variables) with new variables called factors, where the number of factors is less than the number of original variables. FA works efficiently and produces fewer factors to describe the relationship if the variables under study are highly correlated. For instance, if all of the variables in one group are highly correlated among themselves and have little correlation with the variables in the remaining groups, each group can represent a factor. FA is considered an extension of principal component analysis since the ultimate objective for both techniques is a data reduction.

Vaibhav Chittora^*

Dr. YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India

Heerendra Prasad

Dr. YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India

Prashant Vasishth

ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Mohit Sharma

ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Plant disease outbreaks have caused massive food shortages and famines over the years. It poses a major threat to food security because they can damage crops, thus reducing the availability and access to food, increasing the cost of food. Each year an estimated 10-16 percent of global harvest is lost to plant diseases. Most of the crops are subjected to diseases both in the field and post-harvest by a number of major groups of pathogens. New plant diseases potentially threaten staple crops around the world giving rise to broad scale starvation in many parts of the globe. Additionally, disasters and transboundary diseases pose an enormous threat to food safety and security. Therefore, plant protection in general and the protection of crops against plant diseases in particular, have an obvious role to play in meeting the growing demand for food quality and quantity.

Shaik Reshma

Dept. of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Shaik Ameer Basha^*

Dept. of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Gali Uma Devi

Dept. of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Venuturla Bharathi

Dept. of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Dams are an essential part of the irrigation infrastructure, used for water, electricity, flood control, and recreational purposes. Instrumentation in dam safety monitoring is well established. It monitors dam parameters like movements, pore pressure, uplift pressures, water level, seepage flow, cracks, stress and strain, temperature, seismic activity, and weather and precipitation. Different types of sensors are used to monitor the above parameters. These sensors modulate some properties of the light in an optical cable. Fabry-Perot sensors, Fiber Bragg grating sensors, SOFO sensors, and distributed fiber optic sensors are used in dam structural safety monitoring. In this technology, optical fiber acts as a medium for transmitting measurement information. Successful applications of optical fibers prove the maturity of this technology in the dam safety-monitoring field worldwide.

Shaheemath Suhara K.K.^*

Dept. of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Janani N.

Dept. of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Minerals are required both plants and humans for normal growth and development. Plants contain most of the essential nutrients but compared with macronutrients, the concentration of micronutrients is substantially minimum. Low concentration in food crops, leads to micronutrient deficiencies in humans. Nutrients deficiency is one of the serious global threats that affect millions of people worldwide. It can cause dangerous health conditions and diseases. So, importance is needed to improve the concentration these micronutrients in food crops. Biofortification through microbes is a new and promising option for the bioavailibity of micronutrients; especially, Fe, Zn and Se in the major food crops. Microbes that promote plant growth are becoming an effective approach to replacing the artificial inorganic fertilizers. It is achieved by using various microbial biofertilizers that solubilize the essential minerals and micronutrient which are present in soil and are made easily available for plants uptake.

Sethupathi S.^*

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu (627 852), India

Leonal Rabins S.

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu (627 852), India

K. Thirumalaiselvi

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu (627 852), India

Fertilizers are used to fertilize plants with important primary nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). These fertilizers boost crop yields, but they also damage both ecosystem and human health with great severity. Consumer preferences are shifting to organic foods grown without the use of chemicals. Biofertilizers are one of nature's greatest gifts to our agricultural science as a partial alternative to chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers contain microbes that promote an adequate supply of nutrients to the host plants and ensure their proper growth and regulation. Live microorganisms are used in the preparation of biofertilizers. As biofertilizers are essential components of sustainable agriculture, they play an important role in the long-term maintenance of soil fertility and the sustainability of agricultural production.

Deblina Roy

Dept. of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal (741 252), India

Polyamines are the organic molecules present in all living organisms and are involved in various metabolic activities. Polyamine plays a key role in diverse plant functions such as flowering, embryogenesis, cell division, seed germination, and senescence. In addition, polyamines play a vital role to protect the plant from various abiotic stresses. Changing environmental factors aggravate the yield losses in many crops and substantial crop losses in many countries. Abiotic stresses negatively impaired the plant function and cause physiological, morphological, and biochemical alterations to the plant. Therefore, adoption techniques are essential to ensure sustainable crop production. Hence utilizing the polyamines for abiotic stress is ensuring a successful crop production. Exogenous application of polyamines alleviates the cold, temperature, oxidative, drought, salt, and UV stress in various crops.

R. Arockia Infant Paul^*

Dept. of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

P. Murali Arthanari

Dept. of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Crop-residue is the biomass which is retained either below or on the soil surface after an economic product of a crop has been harvested. It includes leaves, straw, stubble, stalks, haulms, branches, twigs, fruits, roots, grain covers etc. Crops produce large amounts if residues which are potential natural resources that alter soil environment, which in turn influences the soil microbial activity and subsequent nutrient transformation. Residue burning is the most suitable method of disposal with a negative impact on environment releasing greenhouse gases and adversely affecting the soil properties. There are various methods available to manage the crop residues, among which, in situ decomposition using microbes is an effective and eco-friendly alternative. The challenges in crop residue management, methods and strategies for efficient management are discussed.

V. Ramya^*

College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

S. Ameer Basha

College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

The present story depicts the success of Smt. Sumi Hansda, resident of Piprasol village (Bihar), by adopting scientific livestock practices. At the initial stage, she adopted improved health practices, in which she provided regular deworming and vaccination to the animal. By adopting improved health practices, the mortality rate has been reduced significantly and results in increased herd size. Regular feeding and watering pattern has also improved the animal health. Thus, she raised her income significantly by selling goat and poultry. During the recent year, she started growing azolla and gliricidia in order to provide feed to the goat. Further she has radiated the positivity to the locality nearby and now many women are drawing motivation from her work.

Mohit Sharma^*

Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (848 125), India

Tulika Kumari

Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (848 125), India

Rajesh Kumar Bishnoi

Angargariya Srijoni Shiksha Niketan, Jharkhand (815 353), India

Several advancements in biogas production techniques and plant design have been achieved in recent years. Boom in internet use and automation goals had brought IoT into play in many sectors including agriculture, industry, transport and energy as well. Coupling the IoT with energy sector, specifically the biogas systems made several benefits in the aspects of production, management, safety and environment. Here the paper discusses the importance of IoT in the biogas systems through its technology and applications.

Rathinavel S.^*

Dept. of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, AEC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 664), India

Ayisha Naziba T.

Dept. of Renewable Energy Engineering, AEC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 664), India

Mahendiran R.

Dept. of Renewable Energy Engineering, AEC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 664), India

Recently, renewable energy sources have attracted interest in several nations. Of which is crucial in rural regions, is biogas. Because of several factors, including "renewable," "economic," "environmental pollution," "global warming," "greenhouse effect," and "public health," developed and developing nations as well as certain international organisations are moving toward biogas. It is anticipated that fossil fuel-based energy sources would exhaust quickly and efficient use of resources is not practicable, compelling the employment of increasingly effective and prevalent renewable energy sources. All types of organic waste have been treated and turned into electrical energy using biogas systems, along with reduction of waste-related environmental and air pollution. Bio-fertilizer is the digested slurry produced after biogas production that is extremely effective in sustainable agriculture. Electricity generated is supplied to the public power grid. Additionally, the heat generated during this process is utilised to warm buildings adjacent to plants, including greenhouses and homes.

Ayisha Naziba T.^*

Dept. of Renewable Energy Engineering, AEC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Rathinavel S.

Dept. of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, AEC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Mahendiran R.

Dept. of Renewable Energy Engineering, AEC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Seed being vital input to agriculture, continuous efforts are to be made to ensure availability quality seeds to farmers in order to sustain the agricultural development. Farmers need to have access to improved seeds of the right type, at the right time, at the right place and at a reasonable price. Therefore an initiative has been made to increased availability and accessibility of the good quality seeds of high yielding varieties of soybean. The scientists of AICRP (Soybean), CAU, Imphal centre have encouraged tribal farmers of Manipur to take up seed production of soybean. The on-farm experience revealed that seed production of soybean is beneficial to the farmer’s income over that of normal cultivation, though additional cost was incurred towards rouging operations. This article narrates the success story of the farmer who could produce 1,800 kg ha^-1 of good quality soybean seeds with which he can supply to an area of 32 ha.

H. Nanita Devi^*

College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur (795 004), India

T. Sunanda Devi

College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur (795 004), India

Nilima Karam

College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur (795 004), India

L. Sophia Devi

College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur (795 004), India

Indoor Air Pollution awareness is growing in the recent years since human population tend to spend their time mostly indoors and is produced by many indoor activities such as cooking, smoking, etc. In addition many deaths and diseases are caused by them such as cancers, stroke, tumours, anaemia, etc. Some of such critical indoor air pollutants include radon, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, smoke from tobacco. This danger that is prevailing can be overcome by using precautionary methods such as source reduction, public awareness, changes in fuel patterns.

Ramakrishnan, S.

Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

E. Parameswari^*

Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Efforts to improve food security for the growing population adversely affected the environment by excess application of nitrogenous fertilizers in the soil. A standard shift is needed for the efficient use of nitrogenous fertilizers as well as increase in rice production. Nitrogen use efficiency in rice is associated with uptake of nitrogen from the soil, its accumulation and transport inside the plant which is influenced by many factors. A variety of agronomical, physiological and molecular approaches can be used to improve the nitrogen use efficiency. An economical and feasible method could be developed to incorporate by every farmer.

Shanmugapriya D.^*

Dept. of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Senthil A.

Dept. of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Insects and Rodents have always been a nuisance for farmers. They feed on their efforts and infest on crops to spread various diseases. Controlling and maintaining their population is therefore important for a farmer to ensure crop health. Pesticides and insecticides have played a major role in preventing infestations. However, they pose different environmental and social consequences. Extreme use of pesticides can result in severe water & soil contamination and can also intoxicate plants with harmful chemicals. Additionally, insects and bugs become reluctant against them with continuous exposure that forces farmers to rely on heavier pesticides. Even though other methods like genetic seed manipulation are also being used to make crops more robust against the pest attack, they are quite expensive for practical application.

P. Sujatha^*

Dept. of Social Sciences, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Eachangkottai, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu (641 902), India

B. Sivasankari

Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu (625 104), India

S. Sheeba

Dept. of Soil and Agrl. Chemistry, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu (625 104), India

M. Ilamaran

Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Community Science College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu (625 104), India

The Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn, often known as the kapok tree, has a majestic appearance and its geographic spread is pantropical. For humans, the species is hugely essential. It is frequently planted in alignment in cities and villages and is utilized for food, lumber and other services, pharmacopeia, and crafts. This plant's alcohol extract contains anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. It is renowned for being a plentiful source of glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins. This plant's various therapeutic properties can be used to cure a wide range of ailments in all of its components. The hand-selected silk cotton from the ripened-dried fruit is further processed and utilized to create stuffing for cushions and beds as well as tennis balls, boxing gloves, and shooting outfits. Its cake serves as cow feed, while its oil is used to make soap. Fruit shells are burned as fuel.

Varsha Giri^*

Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (342 005), India

Vipula Vyas

Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (342 005), India

Tanmaya Kumar Bhoi

Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (342 005), India

Naveen Kumar Bohra

Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (342 005), India

So far, three instances of the Omicron BF.7 strain responsible for the recent rash of Covid infections in China have been found in India. Earlier in October, the first instance of the highly contagious strain with increased transmissibility was discovered in Gujarat. Currently, Omicron BF.7 cases in India are total 3, with 2 occurring in Gujarat and 1 in Odisha. The new Omicron strain is known to spread rapidly and has a shorter incubation time, but so far this hasn't caused much of a concern. Sixty percent of the Chinese population will reportedly be infected within three months. In light of the virus's apparent ease of transmission, might we anticipate a fresh wave of COVID in India as well?

Jyoti Prakash Sahoo^*

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Kailash Chandra Samal

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

One of the most significant challenges that farmers face is maintaining healthy soil. The environment is in danger due to the over use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in agriculture. Due to various industrial facilities and the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture, the quantities of reactive forms of N (including N₂O, NO₃, and NH₃) have increased to over 120% in the atmosphere. The situation makes it necessary to reconsider the function of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The use of high-analysis fertilizers, frequent tillage in intensive agriculture, burning of agricultural waste, and lack of integration of biodegradable solid waste from home and industrial sectors into soil mass have all contributed to a loss in soil organic carbon (SOC). Thus, the agricultural land became less productive and occasionally unusable for commercial farming due to decreasing soil biodiversity, impaired soil health, and increased demand for vital plant nutrients.

Saurabh Singh^*

Dept. of Crop Physiology, College of Agriculture, ANDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Shraddha Singh

Dept. of Crop Physiology, College of Agriculture, ANDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Mritunjay Rai

Dept. of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, ANDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Pradip Kumar Saini

Dept. of Crop Physiology, College of Agriculture, ANDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Shambhoo Prasad

Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, ANDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

The full potential of the aquaculture industry by intensive systems is not well utilized due to its drawback in the environment and ecosystem. It is necessary to find out the solution which brings out the immense potential of the aquaculture industry to meet the demand of the future. The off shore aquaculture which is 2-3 kms away from the coastline requires less land and freshwater with smaller carbon footprint. It also has an advantage of minimal flow of water which protects the water quality. But the problem is that it has to be robust, independent and affordable. The making of this system is relatively more expensive and heavy materials are used which makes handling and maintenance difficult. To overcome the economic drawbacks, the Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system is evolved from off shore aquaculture which reduces the overall economy of the system by reduction of amount of feed given, minimizing energy losses and the product diversification which provides higher economic yield.

S. Harini^*

Dept. of Aquaculture, Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Mahadevi

Dept. of Aquaculture, Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Cheryl Antony

Dept. of Aquaculture, Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

The Prime Minister of India officially launched Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) on 10^th September 2020. It is a scheme for the development of the Indian fisheries sector in a sustainable and responsible manner. The estimated investment of 20,050 crores for the holistic development of the fisheries sector, including fishers' welfare to ensures the food and nutritional security of the country. Department of Fisheries has identified nine strategic priorities under Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana. PMMSY is being implemented in all the States and Union Territories for five years period from the Financial Year 2020-21 to 2024-25.

Suman Takar

TNJFU- Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu (628 008), India

Udai Ram Gurjar*

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

Vase life of cut flowers is limited by some factors such as senescence, weight loss and decay of microorganisms. Vase life can be doubled by the judicious use of floral preservatives in the vase solutions. Botanicals and essential oils contain more amounts of growth regulators like auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin and also sugars which are very much useful to increase the vase life of flower. Botanicals are eco-friendly and slowdown the ethylene production and essential oils extracted from plants has antimicrobial action thereby reduce spoilage by microbes.

Nivethaa PJ.^*

Dept. of Vegetable Sciences, College of Horticulture (University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences), Mudigree, Chickmangalore, Karnataka (577 132), India

Sidhdharth G.

Dept. of Vegetable Sciences, Horticultural College and Research Institute (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University), Periyakulam, Kamatchipuram, Tamil Nadu (625 604), India

Balloon release is a common event in many ceremonies but when a balloon ascends into the heavens, it doesn't end up on Jupiter. Although a helium balloon can rise to altitudes of five miles (8 kilometers) into Earth's atmosphere, it's got to come back down eventually, and when it does, it wreaks some havoc. It could get tangled up in the flippers of a sea turtle or be eaten by one who mistakes it for a jellyfish. Animals of the land, sea and air are equally susceptible to mistaking deflated balloons for food, or even worse, getting tangled up and strangled by the ribbon attached to it. Also, the world may be running out of helium soon anyway. It causes power loss since the metallic or foil balloons conduct electricity by interacting with power line. This paper presents the harmful effects of balloon release on the environment and also the alternatives for balloon release during the ceremonies.

N. Arumughan

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu (625 104), India

The breeding records are one of the most important tools in livestock business management. There various types of records are maintained in any types of livestock farming. These records help in known the business is running in lose or profit/ financial status of business. These records are helpful in identification of animals and selection of superior animals (pedigree). It is helpful in vaccination and deworming schedule in animals.

Subhrajit Das*

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh (491 001), India

Asit Jain

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh (491 001), India

Rupal Pathak

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh (491 001), India

Anupam Soni

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh (491 001), India

Ankit Kashyap

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh (491 001), India

Suryakant Sori

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh (491 001), India

Anjula Gahirwar

College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh (491 001), India

Chickpea is one of the major components of Indian diet which accounts for nearly 112 lakh tonnes of production during 2018-19. India stands first in the area and production of chickpea among all the chickpea producing countries of the world. It can be attributed to reasons like favourable environment, high yielding seeds, more acceptances among farmers, huge market. In India states like Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan contributes to about more than 50 percent of chickpea production in India. Chickpea accounts for nearly 70 percent of pulse export from India. This paper presents the status of chickpea production from 2009-2019 in India.

P. Karthick Vikram

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamilnadu Agriculture University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu (625 104), India

Climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity and climate change is expected to influence crop and livestock production; hydrologic balance; input supply; type, frequency and intensity of pests and diseases; availability and timing of irrigation water application; severity of soil erosion etc. However, nature of these biophysical effects and human responses to them are complex and uncertain. Crop and livestock yields are directly affected by changes in climatic factors like temperature and precipitation and extreme events viz. droughts, floods, and wind storms. Additionally, carbon dioxide is fundamental for plant production; rising concentrations have the potential to enhance productivity of agro-ecosystems. Given the fundamental role of agriculture in human welfare, concerns have been expressed by federal agencies and others regarding the potential effects of climate change on agricultural productivity. Interests in this issue have motivated a substantial body of research on climate change and agriculture over the past decade.

Mousumi Malo

Assistant Director of Agriculture, Model Farm, Jayrambati, Bankura, West Bengal (722 161), India

The study focuses on the estimate of the impact of Covid-19 on inland fisheries resources such as reservoirs and lake. As per the current investigation small, medium and large reservoir fisheries has suffered an economic loss of Rs. 36 million, 4.2 million and 0.31 million respectively. Similarly, backwater fishery of Kerala was also affected with a loss of Rs. 35 million species wise catch composition study in Backwaters indicated huge demand for Lacustrine fishes during lockdown period due to restrictions imposed on the fisheries sector of the state. The government initiatives along with PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana have helped in the revival of the inland fisheries sector post lockdown period.

Thankam Theresa Paul^*

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala (682 024), India

Vandana Gokul Das

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala (682 024), India

Deepa Sudheesan

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala (682 024), India

Sandhya K. M.

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, Kerala (682 029), India

Albin Albert C.

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala (682 024), India

S. Manoharan

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala (682 024), India

B. K. Das

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal (700 120), India

Aquatic ecosystems, especially freshwater resources, face many anthropogenic stressors such as pollution, habitat destruction, flow alterations etc leading to impairment in ecological health of the systems. Conservationists need ecological indicators showing the level of alterations or impairment for decision making in managing these important resources. Fish are widely used as sentinel species to evaluate ecological health and are excellent indicators of overall health of aquatic systems they inhabit. This article focuses on briefing some reliable and useful approaches in assessing the ecosystem health in which fishes are used as indicator organism. Many of those approaches need to be refined for each geographical area and type of water body for use as effective biological monitoring tool.

Sajina A. M.^*

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 120), India

Deepa Sudheesan

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 120), India

Lohith Kumar, K.

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 120), India

Sandhya K. M.

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri, Kochi, Kerala (682 029), India

The era of green revolution has been a boon to Indian Agriculture during 1960’s. Nevertheless the quintessential part of nutritional security of the masses was always forgotten during policy implementation. The same is addressed by the National Food Security Mission (NFSM) in various fronts. Moreover India is treading a path to be Self Reliant (Atmanirbhar). NFSM mainly focuses on increasing productivity and nutritional security. NFSM addresses this issue with its various programme components. Keeping abreast of these trends, an effort has been made to analyze whether the programme implementation dovetails with the aspirations of farmers and masses, in terms of agricultural input and market requirements of farmers and nutritional security of the masses. This article also throws light on the programmes on the anvil which would be incorporated with NFSM to make a India nutritionally secure country. It is already high time to make a transition from food security to nutritional security.

Bhagya Vijayan^*

Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Manjeeth Singh Nain

Division of Agricultural Extension, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Microencapsulation is a procedure wherein a small bead of molecule, for example, strong, fluid or even gas can be ensnared, covered or encircled with a polymeric molecule. Microencapsulation is generally used to limit the oxidation of fish oil. It is for the most part used to epitomize a gel, strong, fluid or gas center by a covering shell. As Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acid, it is prone to oxidation which degrades the nutritional value of the fish oil. To prevent this, the reaction of oxygen withthe oil need to be decreased which can be achieved by microencapsulation of fish oil.

Aditi More

Dept. of Fish Processing Technology, College of Fisheries Science, Junagadh Agricultural University, Veraval, Gujarat (362 265), India

B. G. Chudasama*

Dept. of Fish Processing Technology, College of Fisheries Science, Junagadh Agricultural University, Veraval, Gujarat (362 265), India

Food system must be revised to provide an adequate amount of nutrition to the unprecedented world population. People of every country of all economic status are facing the problem of malnutrition which is considered an important global challenge. Current efforts to mitigate malnourishment are focused on maximal nutrient uptake; however, priority should be given to establishing dietary guidelines that satisfy human nutritional requirements with a diversity of foods, which can be produced with minimized environmental impact. Therefore, simply up-scaling of current agricultural practices to increase crop yields is not a viable solution for feeding the world’s population. A newly emerging crop that may be a dense source of nutrition, gained popularity as a new culinary trend over the past few years, known as microgreens. Microgreens are the emerging alternative to fortified and genetically modified foods, provides a sufficient amount of nutrition.

Swarajya Laxmi Nayak^*

Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Karan Singh Dhami

Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Dibyabharati Sahu

Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

To safely achieve herd immunity against COVID-19, a substantial proportion of a population would need to be vaccinated, lowering the overall amount of virus able to spread in the whole population. India has leveraged its manufacturing capacity to pre-order 600 million doses of potential COVID-19 vaccine and negotiating for another billion doses, says a new global analysis of advance market commitments (AMC) for vaccine candidates against the corona virus. India is planning to start the distribution of COVID-19 vaccine first to the healthcare workers followed by other groups to be added sequentially as there are five COVID-19 vaccines under trials in India such as COVAXIN, Covishield, ZyCoV-D, Sputinik and Biological E’s novel Covid-19 vaccine. Out of these five, COVAXIN and Covishield are approved by DCGI (Drugs Controller General of India) for restricted use in emergency situation.

Jyoti Prakash Sahoo^*

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Sudhanya Nath

Dept. of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 037), India

Lipi Ghosh

School of Development Studies, TISS, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 088), India

Kailash Chandra Samal

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Drugs are not commonly administered as pure chemical drug substances but are formulated into finished dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, ointments, etc. The route of administration of a medication directly affects the drug bioavailability, which determines both the onset and the duration of the pharmacological effect. The various routes of administrations are classified into local route and systemic route. The local route is the easiest mode of drug administration at the site where the specified activity is required. When the systemic assimilation of a drug is needed, medications are basically administered through the enteral route and the parenteral route. The development of new drug delivery systems has facilitated achieving pharmacodynamic effects and overcoming pharmacokinetic disadvantages of conventional formulations. Therapeutic drug monitoring in wide populations has allowed enhancements in designing new dosage regimens in order to enhance the therapeutic viability for distinctive brunches of drugs: antibiotics, antineoplastic, cardiovascular agents etc.

Devaroti Bhattacherjee

Dept. of Pharmacy, Bangladesh University, Dhaka (1207), Bangladesh

Israt Jahan Tamanna

Dept. of Pharmacy, Bangladesh University, Dhaka (1207), Bangladesh

Md. Ariful Islam

Dept. of Pharmacy, Bangladesh University, Dhaka (1207), Bangladesh

Md. Miraz Alam

Dept. of Pharmacy, Bangladesh University, Dhaka (1207), Bangladesh

Md. Mahbubol Alam

Dept. of Pharmacy, Bangladesh University, Dhaka (1207), Bangladesh

Imtiaj Hossain Chowdhury*

Dept. of Pharmacy, Bangladesh University, Dhaka (1207), Bangladesh

Ashwagandha is a prominent herb in Indian Ayurvedic medicine and has become a popular supplement due to its health benefits. Limited evidence suggests that Ashwagandha reduces blood sugar levels through its effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity. Its supplements may help lower cortisol levels in chronically stressed individuals. It may help reduce depression. It has been shown to increase muscle mass, reduce body fat, and increase strength in men. It may help reduce the risk of heart disease by decreasing cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It supplements may improve brain function, memory and the ability to perform tasks. Although Ashwagandha is safe for most people, specific individuals should not use it unless authorized by their healthcare provider.

Arijita Mohanty

College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Jyoti Prakash Sahoo^*

College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Akash Uditansu Acharya

College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Kailash Chandra Samal

College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

The identification of gene-trait associations for complex (multi-genic) traits needs a mapping population. Mainly two methods viz., biparental crosses and association mapping or linkage disequilibrium mapping, have been used for a long time in the identification of gene-trait associations. The major disadvantage of a biparental population are narrow genetic base, reduction of genetic heterogeneity and only two allelic variations can be analysed in these populations. Association mapping requires large samples and is predominantly influenced by unknown population structure. Recently, the QTL mapping using multi-parent populations has become very popular. The use of MAGIC populations for QTL analysis can fill the gap between biparental mapping and association mapping using natural or breeding populations. MAGIC provides more abundant genetic diversity than a biparental population and higher allele balanced frequency than the panels consisting of diverse accessions in AM and increased mapping resolution by taking the advantages of both historical and synthetic recombination.

Tarkeshwar*

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

O. P. Verma

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Shiva Nath

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Amit Kumar Chaudhary

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Pradip Kumar Saini

Dept. of Crop Physiology, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Reservoirs in Kerala with a combined area of 29,635 ha were primarily built for irrigation, power generation and water supply. The fishery potential of the reservoirs have somewhat remained under-utilized to an extent due to the legal pluralism associated with it. So far, only few of the reservoirs are regularly stocked and managed, based on the Culture-based Fishery strategy. However the use of enclosed culture practices such as cage and pen culture as well as making use of the three prong strategy can be made use to realize the unmined potential of Kerala reservoirs.

Albin Albert C.

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Thankam Theresa Paul^*

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Vandana Gokul Das

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

S. Manoharan

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Deepa Sudheesan

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala (682 018), India

Mohammed Meharoof

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400061), India

B. K. Das

ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 120), India

In this article it has clearly portrayed the way through which water conservation has helped the farmers to turn profits. Centre has figured out ways to achieve its target of doubling farmers’ income by 2022 and farmers in some villages have found already multiplied their income by conserving every drop of water and making agriculture a profit-making venture. Here in the study, the state Madhya Pradesh has set an example by changing the standard of living of localities by additional income with huge margin of profit with the help of water structure “REWA SAGAR” especially in Dewas district. Apart from these it has resulted incremental biodiversity, advanced pisciculture, assured irrigation facilities and many others. It will be further more strengthened and popularized if it could be assured with timely participation of the farmers and constant government support.

Brij Bihari Pandey^*

ICAR- Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Subhajeet Behura

Dept. of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Bidyadharpur Arilo, Cuttack, Odisha (754 006), India

Ratnakumar Pasala

ICAR- Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Shruti Mahapatra

Dept. of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Bidyadharpur Arilo, Cuttack, Odisha (754 006), India

Green tea is the most consumed beverage in the world because of its health benefits and soothing effect on human body. It contains polyphenolic compounds which include flavanols, flavandiols and phenolic acids. Green tea is best studied for decades because of its health benefits. It is increasingly recognized that it helps to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and obesity, depression, hypertension and increase bone mineral density, protects against solar UV radiation etc.

Ayusi Satapathy

Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Ansuman Satapathy

Dept. of Agril Economics, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Subrat Kumar Mahapatra^*

School of Agriculture, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha (765 022), India

Ajay Kumar Prusty

Dept. of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are good for our health, especially our digestive system. It helps in lowering the gut pH, produces β-galactosidases enzyme which digest lactose and stimulate IgA production. It produces short-chain fatty acid and vitamins especially vitamin-B like folate, biotin, vitamin B₁₂ and vitamin-K. It has anti-hypertension, anti-diabetic effect. The presence of probiotics in our body leads to reduce the risk of cancer. Probiotics are also beneficial for oral health.

Ayusi Satapathy

Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Ansuman Satapathy

Dept. of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Subrat Kumar Mahapatra^*

School of Agriculture, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha (765 022), India

Ajay Kumar Prusty

Dept. of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Organic farming is a production management system excluding of all synthetic off farm inputs but rely upon on farm agronomic, biological and mechanical methods like crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, compost and vermicompost, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection, etc. which promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and agro-ecosystem health. Organic farming was practiced in India since thousands of years. The great Indian civilization thrived on organic farming and was one of the most prosperous countries in the world, till the British role it. The role of organic farming in India rural economy can be leveraged to mitigate the ever increasing problem of food security of India.

Lord Litan Debbarma^*

Krishi Vigyan Kendra – Khowai, Divyodaya, Chebri, Khowai, Tripura (799 207), India

Rahul Ghosh

ATMA (SMAE), Tulashikhar Agri Sub-division, Champahour, Khowai, Tripura (799 201), India

By-products from fish processing sectors are underutilized or discarded directly into the environment, creating detrimental environmental pollution. However, these bio-wastes have huge potential to be used as other applications. Silage from fish is a liquid type product produced from the whole fish or unconsumed parts of it, to which acids, enzymes or lactic-acid-producing bacteria are added, with the liquefaction of the mass provoked by the action of enzymes from the fish. They are usually produced from dead or spoiled fish species or their wastes and by-products which can be a safer environment friendly technology to solve the waste disposal issues in the fishing sectors. Silages are mainly made by chemical and biological processes that need few types of equipment during processing. Further, high nutritional viability in silages makes their applicability as cost effective animal feeds as well as plant fertilizers.

Kasturi Chattopadhyay*

Dept. of Post-Harvest Technology, Fishery Resource Harvest and Postharvest Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

K. A. Martin Xavier

Dept. of Post-Harvest Technology, Fishery Resource Harvest and Postharvest Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

Integrated farming system is a holistic approach or integrated set or scientific combinations of many complementary and supplementary enterprises leading to maximize the crop productivity and enhance net farm income by optimal sustained use of natural resources and effective use of available by-products. The scientific combinations or integration is made in such a way that product of one enterprise should be the input of other enterprise with high degree of complimentary effects on each other. Adoption of integrated farming system leads to replacement of off farm inputs, sustainable production of high quality food and stability in farm income through multiple enterprises that aim at maximum utilization of available natural resources to meet the family needs and full fill nutrition requirement too. It aims at generating a threshold level of farm income required for the farm family to maintain sustained interest in farming.

Joy Kumar Dey*

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sepahijala, CAU (I), Latiacherra, Tripura (799 102), India

Shatabhisa Sarkar

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sepahijala, CAU (I), Latiacherra, Tripura (799 102), India

The improved cultivars are always better and uniform than local varieties. Such varieties are grown and maintained on experimental stations and later distributed to farmers. This is achieved by repeated multiplication cycles developed from stock of Breeder’s seed. Breeder seeds are assumed to be true to type. This is maintained by maintaining the isolation of crop in order to protect the genetic deterioration of the variety. Preventing contamination is top most priority during maintenance and multiplication.

Aman Singh*

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224229), India

Upendra ku Mishra

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224229), India

Vinod Singh

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224229), India

Sudhanshu Singh

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224229), India

Gaurav Singh

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224229), India

Juhi Pandey

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224229), India

The main aim of this article is to explain the impact of budget allocation in enhancing and restructuring the research and development of agricultural sector. The article is analyzed the budget allocations to agricultural, rural development sectors, food subsidy and fertilizer subsidies and also examined the reforms in these sectors and their likely impacts on the poor and vulnerable sections of the society in rural India. The budgetary allocation to agriculture and rural development was increased by 10 to 12% in Financial Year (FY) 2017-18 compared to 2016-17. There was more emphasis on irrigation under Prime Minister Sinchayi Yojana, market reforms to expand the electronic national agricultural markets, rural affordable housing and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee (MGNREGA). The results clearly evaluate that there is a significant impact and relationship among the high budget allocation and agricultural research and development department.

Smaranika Mohanty^*

Dept. of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Rakesh Kumar Pattnaik

Dept. of Fruit Science and Horticulture Technology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Insect pests are major concern to agricultural and horticultural crop plants and cause significant yield reduction. Recently mealybugs emerging as an important insect pests, causes severe threat to crop cultivation and intricate to manage. Mealybugs are found almost in all the countries around the world causing severe damage to crop plants directly by sucking the sap and indirectly by transmitting the disease. Getting rid of this pest without having prior idea on their morphology, distribution and biology will be searching a ring in the ocean. Hence this paper deals and focused on mealybug species identification, distribution, host range, life cycle and mode of transport with the possible management strategies.

U. Pirithiraj

Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu (620 027), India

R. P. Soundararajan*

Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women, TNAU, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu (620 027), India

M. Chandrasekaran

Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women, TNAU, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu (620 027), India

Rice is cultivated in large area in the state of West Bengal as well as in India. The prevailing rice cultivation practice water requirement is very high and threat to groundwater reserve and environment. It is felt necessary to find out a suitable irrigation practice which could considerably reduces the irrigation water requirement and connect to best management practices for better yield & economy. Drip irrigation proved its advantage in terms of yield and economy over conventional method of rice cultivation. As the initial cost of drip system is very much high, farmers have unwillingness to adopt this new technology. But the Central and State Government both are tried to bring more land under the drip system by giving subsidy to the farmers.

Uddipta Ghosh^*

Dept. of Civil Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal (741 235), India

Nabanita Sarkar

Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal (741 252), India

India is an agriculture country and 80% population depends on agriculture. Agriculture is a platform that requires a versatile extension because most of the occupation is related to agriculture and its by-product. Urbanisation decreases the income of agriculture and it is the main reason that young generations are not interested in agriculture and agriculture-based farm. Government has taken various initiatives to raise the income of farmers. They are migrated to the industry for better income and now it is very crucial time to think that how do we increase the income from agriculture, increases the income of farmers and motivate the young generation to move in this sector for betterment of country. This is possible when we come together for the better development of agriculture. Agriculture extension program will surely change the current scenario of farmers in terms of their income.

Vivek Chandra Verma*

Defence Institute of High Altitude Research-DRDO, Base Lab Chandigarh, Near 3BRD, Industrial Area Phase-1, Ramdarbar, Chandigarh (160 002), India

Vivek Kumar Tiwari

Defence Institute of High Altitude Research-DRDO, Base Lab Chandigarh, Near 3BRD, Industrial Area Phase-1, Ramdarbar, Chandigarh (160 002), India

Avantika

Defence Institute of High Altitude Research-DRDO, Base Lab Chandigarh, Near 3BRD, Industrial Area Phase-1, Ramdarbar, Chandigarh (160 002), India

Thupstan Tsewang

Agriculture Research Unit, Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR), DRDO, Union Territory of Ladhak (194 101), India

Somen Acharya

Defence Institute of High Altitude Research-DRDO, Base Lab Chandigarh, Near 3BRD, Industrial Area Phase-1, Ramdarbar, Chandigarh (160 002), India

Intellectual property (IP) usually involves any creation or innovation which could be viewed as a resource or an actual property identified with a person's intellect. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have been predominantly classified into significant areas including patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs, geographical indicator and rights identified with some innovative plan. IPRs are essential for better identification, arranging, commercialization, delivering, and accordingly assurance of development or imagination. Every industry ought to develop its IPR policies, the executive's style, techniques, etc relying upon its space of forte. IPR is a multidimensional undertaking and calls for various activities and procedures which should be lined up with public laws and worldwide settlements and practices. IP and its related rights are truly affected by the market needs, market reaction, the cost associated with interpreting IP into business adventure, etc. Exchange and trade contemplations are significant in the administration of IPRs.

Ratul Moni Ram^*

Dept. of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana (122 505), India

Namami Gohain

Dept. of Economics and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab (141 004), India

Mucormycosis is a rare angio-invasive illness caused by the fungi Mucorales, which is often seen in immune-compromised patients. Rhino-orbitocerebral, cutaneous, disseminated, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary forms of this unusual fungal infection exist. Dr. Akshay Nair, a Mumbai-based eye surgeon, was waiting to operate on a 25-year-old woman who had recovered from Covid-19 three weeks prior on 8^th May 2021 morning. He inserted a tube into her nose and was scraping mucormycosis-infected tissues, an uncommon but harmful fungal infection. The nose, eye, and even the brain are all affected by this violent infection. Doctors are now registering a number of cases involving a mysterious infection - also known as the "black fungus" among returning and recovered Covid-19 patients as a deadly second wave of Covid-19 ravages India.

Jyoti Prakash Sahoo^*

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Ambika Prasad Mishra

Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sri Sri University, Cuttack, Odisha (754 006), India

Pranaya Pradhan

Dept. of Nematology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Kailash Chandra Samal

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

The application of Biofloc technology (BFT) provides advantages in the improvement of aquaculture production that could lead to the achievement of the objectives of sustainable growth. With less environmental impact, this technology may result in higher productivity. In addition, biofloc systems can be built and implemented in conjunction with other food production methods, thus encouraging efficient integrated systems aimed at generating more food and feed from the same land area with less input. In order to optimize the system (in relation to operational parameters), still more research is needed, e.g., in relation to nutrient recycling. Furthermore, research findings would need to be communicated to farmers as upgrading of their skills will be needed to incorporate biofloc technology.

Kaliyamurthi Venkatachalam^*

Dept. of Basic Sciences (Biochemistry), Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, OMR Campus, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (603 103), India

Ambika Binesh

Dept. of Basic Sciences (Biotechnology), Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, OMR Campus, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (603 103), India

Brinjal is one of the predominant vegetable crops grown in India. The biotic factors viz., shoot and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guen; jassid Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), aphid Aphis gossypii Clover are major yield constraints in brinjal cultivation. In addition to the above the infestation of ash weevil Myllocerus subfasciatus causes major yield loss. Under favourable conditions it has the potential to cause 100% yield loss. The adult beetle notches the leaf margins and resulting in wilting of plants in patches. The grubs feed on the roots and causes drying of plants. As the damage occurs mostly during flowering and fruit initiation period the loss will be severe. The egg, larva and pupal periods last for about 3-11, 3-42 and 5-7 days respectively. Grubs being subterranean need timely intervention for effective management. Application of oiled neem cake, entomopathogenic nematode, insecticide application is some of strategies used for the management of ash weevil in brinjal.

Shanmugam, P. S.^*

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

T. Srinivasan

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

V. Baskaran

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

N. Sathiah

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

In today, science has developed in all the sectors around global wide, but the starvation, nutrient deficiencies, new emerging diseases and mortality were increased due to population growth rate, land degradation, soil nutrient loss and insufficient level of food sources and highest demand. Under these situations, global level scientific visions and approaches were highly focused on the usage of microorganisms in the agriculture and related sectors as a green way or “organic agriculture”. This approach was applied in the strategies such as biocontrol, biofertilizers and biopesticides (PGPR and fungi). These microorganisms were used on the basis of biological and metabolic pathways. Using beneficial microbes (PGPR) is a tremendous nature oriented because it needs highly knowledgeable about microorganisms. When we assumed it, all living organisms and nature become the safest one achieved with harmless-green way of food security on the earth.

Murali Sankar, P.^*

Dept. of Plant Pathology, SRSIAT, Vedasandur, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu (624 710), India

Shreedevasena, S.

Dept. of Plant Pathology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka (560 065), India

Kaviyarathinam, T.

Dept. of Plant Pathology, SRSIAT, Vedasandur, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu (624 710), India

Syamala, M.

Dept. of Plant Pathology, TIAC, Raadhapuram, Tamil Nadu (627 111), India

Integrated Farming System (IFS) is an efficient recycling tool of farm waste and by-products. The integrated livestock cum fish cultivation is a utilization of livestock farm wastes used to fish production. The commonly used livestock cum fish production systems are cattle/ buffalo cum fish integration, sheep/ goat cum fish integration, pig cum fish integration and duck cum fish integration systems. The successful livestock cum fish integration is depends upon selection of fish species, stocking rate & time of fishes, management of fish ponds and harvesting time of fishes. It was concluded that the livestock cum fish integration systems are effective tool to utilize the farm wastages, by-products and enhance the livestock farmer’s livelihood.

T. Chandrasekar

VC & RI, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Theni, Tamil Nadu (625 602), India

Health, nutrition and convenience are the major factors driving the global food industry. Fish products have attracted considerable attention as a source of protein, vitamins, minerals, fats and rank third among the food categories with fastest overall growth worldwide. As fish is highly perishable, proper processing and packaging helps in maintaining the quality of fish.

Vinothkumar L.^*

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

Vignaesh Dhanabalan

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

Manivannan M.

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

India is primarily an agriculture based country. 70% of its rural households still depend on agriculture for their household. Women run produce 20-30% less than the farms run by men. Women produce 60-80% of the world’s food and they own less than 1% of worlds land. Farm women contribution to agriculture helps to make countries self-reliant and solve hunger issues too world-wide. Digital technology usage in agriculture by women creates a landmark for development of women and agricultural too which helps to achieve sustainable developmental goals in long run.

Challa Lalitha Navya^*

Dept. of Agricultural Extension, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Jagadeeswari Boppana

Dept. of Agricultural Extension, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Tulsi, commonly known as "Holy Basil," is a well-known herb in Indian Ayurvedic medicine and has become a popular supplement owing to its multiple health advantages. Tulsi may benefit those suffering from type 2 diabetes by reducing blood sugar levels due to hypoglycaemic properties. It provides more antioxidants, which lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease. It comprises phytochemicals which fully prevent against skin, lung, and oral cancer. It seems to have anti-inflammatory properties that aid in the reduction of inflammation and high blood pressure. Though Tulsi is generally safe for most people, certain individuals should avoid using it unless allowed by their healthcare professional.

Debarshi Mahato

Institute of Agriculture Science, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Insects are considered as gods because the gods punish for their bad behaviour; gods are the good luck charm and it is believed from the ancient times. The best known examples of a god punishing people with insects are found in the Bible in the form of plagues sent to punish early Egyptians. One important function of myths is to explain some feature of life. Many myths explain the origin, morphology, and behaviour of different insects.

“Devils in the forms of gnats and tiny insects were thought to be especially dangerous, since one might swallow them unawares and thus become diabolically possessed.”

– E.P. Evans, 1906

Nisha Pradeepa, K.*

S. Thangapazham Agricultural College, Vasudevanallur, Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu (627 760), India

A. Subash Chandra Bose

S. Thangapazham Agricultural College, Vasudevanallur, Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu (627 760), India

D. Indhu Mathi

S. Thangapazham Agricultural College, Vasudevanallur, Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu (627 760), India

Agrochemicals play a vital role in agriculture, representing a powerful tool for farmers to increase yield and guarantee continuous productivity throughout the seasons. Several technological innovations have been proposed to enhance the sustainability of agricultural production systems, through a significant reduction of synthetic agrochemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. A promising and environmental-friendly innovation is the utilization of natural plant biostimulants. Humic substances as a plant biostimulant are gaining importance due to its implication on various soil characteristics and enhanced nutrient uptake. These are heterogeneous organic molecules that form in the soil as byproducts of microbial metabolism of dead organic matter. The use of humic substances can represent a valuable tool to enhance soil nutrient availability, plant nutrient uptake and assimilation.

Navya M. V.*

AICRP on Forage Crops & Utilization, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (695 522), India

Deepthi C.

AICRP on Forage Crops & Utilization, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (695 522), India

Mubeena P.

AICRP on Forage Crops & Utilization, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (695 522), India

Usha C. Thomas

AICRP on Forage Crops & Utilization, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (695 522), India

Yield losses caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses are a major constraint in crop cultivation worldwide. Their early detection coupled with a rapid response is vital for avoiding severe epidemics. Human visual observations are inadequate for early detection as visual symptoms take time to develop. Serological and molecular assays are not practically and economically feasible for use in large plantations. Dogs are being increasingly used in crop protection for early detection of certain plant pathogens. Scent discriminating canines use their olfactory ability to rapidly survey large landscapes and can serve as an effective proactive management tool for plant pathogen detection, overcoming the limitations associated with visual and lab based diagnostic methods. This article provides information on a non-invasive approach of using canine olfaction for detection of plant pathogens, and its potential future.

Abhishek Verma

ICAR-IARI, Regional Station, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra (411 067), India

Savarni Tripathi^*

ICAR-IARI, Regional Station, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra (411 067), India

Raj Verma

ICAR-IARI, Regional Station, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra (411 067), India

Calcareous soils occupy nearly 30% of the soils of the world and are characterized by the presence of calcic sub surface horizon. Free CaCO₃ content of the soil is more than 5% and are common in arid and semi arid regions. pH of the calcareous soils is nearly 8.5 and produce brisk effervescence when treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. Ammonia volatilization, competition for potassium ions due to calcium-potassium imbalance, fixation of phosphorus, iron and zinc are the common problems encountered in these soils. Scrupulous application of organic manures, use of phosphorus solubilizing micro organisms, foliar application of micronutrients, avoiding crops sensitive to calcareousness, ploughing to break the impermeable layer are the management strategies that can be adopted to enhance the productivity of calcareous soils.

C. Sudhalakshmi

Coconut Research Station, Aliyar Nagar, Tamil Nadu (642 101), India

Our children are mostly suffering from in malnutrition and unavailability of good nutritional foods and changing food habits from traditional to modern. These factors highly influenced the children’s health and provided poor immunity by nature. We forgot the important legumes and their nutritional values. Especially chickpea (C. arietinum L.); among all the legumes it contained high percent of proteins, amino acids and fibres. But today the cultivation and crop diversity are occupied due to climatic oriented making not interested in chickpea production and cultivation reduction. So, implementing the schemes with subsidies to farmers for cultivation of chickpea, arrangements of farmers’ campaigns and meetings with scientific ways of approaches by scientists were given the better results in chickpea cultivation during the future.

Murali Sankar Perumal^*

Dept. of Plant Pathology, SRSIAT, Vedasandur, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu (624 710), India

Shreedevasena Sakthibalan

Dept. of Plant Pathology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka (560 065), India

Anantha Raju P.

Dept. of Pulses, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Karthiba L.

Dept. of Pulses, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Vanitha S.

Dept. of Plant Pathology, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Due to an enrichment of suitable agro-climatic conditions prevailing in Assam, farmers are highly encouraged to cultivate oilseed crops particularly rapeseed and mustard in a large scale by adopting scientific production technological interventions implemented by the resource persons and extension workers. Implementation of oilseeds production programme under ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research Bharatpur, Rajasthan linked with Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project Scheme have extremely supported the farmers in terms of supply of seeds and farm inputs along with some agricultural farm machineries. In addition, farmers are also instructed to adopt the method of timely sowing of seeds in addition to appropriate cropping sequence in order to increase yield and decrease insect and pest infestation leading to create a significant impact on yellow revolution in Assam.

Priyanka Sharma^*

ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research, Bharatpur Rajasthan (APART) Sonitpur, Assam (784 001), India

Monish Roy

Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar, West Bengal (736 165), India

Gadge Sushant Sundarrao

Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar, West Bengal (736 165), India

Sandy soils are distributed throughout the globe and they are referred as ‘Hungry and Thirsty’ soils as they are poor in inherent soil fertility and retain very less water in the pores. They have weak and unstable soil structure with less surface area compared to clay soils eventually causing a setback in cation exchange reactions. Infiltration rate is very high (10-30 cm hr^-1) and they very often encounter deficiencies of macro and micronutrients because of leaching losses of nutrients. Organic carbon content is less making the soil vulnerable to water and wind erosion. Compaction with stone roller, afforestation, application of organic manures, use of controlled release fertilizers, mulching and establishing water harvesting structures make the soils potentially productive and enable reaping better returns from the crops raised in these soils.

C. Sudhalakshmi

Coconut Research Station, Aliyar Nagar, Tamil Nadu (642 101), India

Groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L., Fabaceae) is the major oilseed crop. It is a legume crop cultivated mainly for its edible seeds. It is a valuable cash crop for millions of small scale farmers. In India groundnut is a principal oilseed crop which has high nutritional value. Seeds are rich source of edible cooking oil (43-55%), protein (25-28%), vitamins E, K and B. Byproduct groundnut cake is used as animal feed. Groundnut is grown in India on an area of 5.98 million hectare with a production of 4.98 million tonnes of pod per annum with an average productivity of 860 kg/ha. The groundnut leaf miner Aproaerema modicella, causes more than 50% yield loss. Newly hatched green caterpillar made short blisters like mines into leaflets and feed on the mesophyll layer of leaf tissues which results in brownish dried up patches. Later instar larva web the leaflets together and feed on the greenish tissues by remaining inside.

Muthu R.

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

A. Yogapriya^*

Dept. of Entomology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu (608 002), India

Brinjal (Solanum melongena Linnaeus) or eggplant comes under the crop family Solanaceae (Nightshade) and it is native to Indian sub-continent. Brinjal is the most popular and principle vegetable crop regarded as the “King of Vegetables”. India is the second largest producer of brinjal in the world next to China. Among the insect pests of brinjal, Shoot and fruit borer, occurred on young tender shoots, the growing point and wilted dropping shoot, which ultimately withers and dries always. Usually oviposition occurs at night time. Newly hatched larva bores into the petioles, midrib of large leaves and young tender shoots during vegetative stage but during reproductive phase larvae bores into the flower buds and also through the calyx it enters to the fruit. Infestation starts few weeks after transplanting. Large circular holes seen on the fruits are the exit holes. Such fruits loose market value and are unfit for human consumption.

M. M. Deshmukh^*

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, CSMSS, Kanchanwadi, Aurangabad, Maharashtra (431 011), India

N. V. Bhagas

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, CSMSS, Kanchanwadi, Aurangabad, Maharashtra (431 011), India

S. S. Muley

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, CSMSS, Kanchanwadi, Aurangabad, Maharashtra (431 011), India

Food industries are constantly emerging with new innovation of technologies, one innovative technology which came to existence is 3D food printing. Here liquid, semi solid indigents are extruded or deposited on the surface along with some binders to create unique shape and size of beautiful crafted 3D foods. Many commercial industries and chef are taking up this technology to create customized products and gourmet meals. 3D printing foods are designed object into thin layers. The designed template is controlled by robotics system which helps to create the 3D food. Robotics system layers the ingredients from bottom to up and these layers construct the 3D food. The use of 3D printing taken food processing innovation to new heights. It enables to design nutrient-tailored food to accurately measured ingredient. 3D food printing is used in various hotel to create gourmet meals.

Shatabhisa Sarkar*

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sepahijala, CAU (I), Latiacherra, Tripura (799 102), India

Joy Kumar Dey

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sepahijala, CAU (I), Latiacherra, Tripura (799 102), India

Coral reefs are the sensitive and more productive ecosystem of the ocean. Corals respond quickly to the slight changes in the environmental conditions. Current scenario of climate change and marine pollution is causing death of corals along the coastal area. To overcome these circumstances the conservation and restoration process are considered as the need of hour. This article explains in detail about the reef restoration methods for the protection of marine ecosystems.

S. Deepika^*

Dept. of Aquatic Environment Management, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

P. Elakkanai

Dept. of Aquatic Environment Management, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

During the present Covid-19 situations, the tasar sericulture farmers are involved in rearing tasar silkworm on plantations. Hence, in order to contain the spread of this disease which is an infectious and spreads primarily through droplets, the farmers have to take measures to safeguard themselves along with following standard field hygienic measures. Herein discussed the measures ensure safeguarding and protecting farmers from COVID-19 and thus help to contain the spread of this disease.

Hasansab Nadaf*

Basic Tasar Silkworm Seed Organisation (BTSSO), Central Silk Board, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh (495 112), India

Chandrashekharaiah M.

Basic Tasar Silkworm Seed Organisation (BTSSO), Central Silk Board, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh (495 112), India

Vishaka G. V.

Basic Tasar Silkworm Seed Organisation (BTSSO), Central Silk Board, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh (495 112), India

M. S. Rathore

Basic Tasar Silkworm Seed Organisation (BTSSO), Central Silk Board, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh (495 112), India

Ginger, Zingiber officinale is a perennial root crop that is cultivated in almost all parts of India. The crop is commercially grown for its aroma, and its rhizomes are used both as a spice as well as for medicinal purposes. A number of limiting factors were reported in production and productivity but one of the major constraints in healthy ginger cultivation and storage due to the activity of many key pests in the field as well as in storage. It is also rife with pests which include soft rot, yellows bacterial wilt, leaf spot, storage rot, root-knot nematodes, shoot borer, rhizome scale, pigweed and swine cress, etc. The purpose of this study is to focus on eco-friendly, environmentally safe, economically viable Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, which can minimize the level of infestation and enhance the farmer income.

Mukesh Sehgal^*

ICAR- National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Meenakshi Malik

ICAR- National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Ardhendu Chakraborty

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chebri, Khowai, Tripura (799 207), India

Biofloc is an emerging alternative system to recycle and reuse the nutrients in the aquaculture system. The sustainable approach of such a system depends on the size of the floc and its properties in the culture system, mainly consist of the beneficial heterotrophic microbial community. Therefore, the microorganism maintains the water quality by maintaining the uptake of nitrogen compounds and increases the nutrient availability in the culture which reduces the feed conversion ratio and reduces the feed cost. The article discusses the properties of floc and its types in the culture system, in brief.

Nethaji, M.^*

Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Ahilan, B.

Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Ravaneswaran, K.

ARTP, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Tamilarasu, A.

Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Mahadevi, N.

ARFF, Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Somu Sunder Lingam, R.

Krishnagiri-Barur Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Barur, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, Dr. J Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (635 201), India

Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus), is an important vegetable crop grown throughout the year in India. The edible fruits has good source of vitamins A and B, proteins and minerals. Several abiotic and biotic factors are limiting factor on the yield of the crop to attain the maximum potential yield. Among the biotic factors, insect pests are one of the major problem resulted in considerable economic loss. The crop is attacked by several types of insect pests viz., sucking insects, chewing insects and soil insects. Among them, the sucking pest jassid, Amrasca devastans (Dist.) is most serious, causing substantial reduction in crop growth and development. It occurs throughout the year and resulted in significant yield loss. Critical analysis on its identification, biology, bio-ecology, damage symptoms and alternate hosts will facilitate developing better management strategies against the insect pest.

M. Chandrasekaran

Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu (620 027), India

R. P. Soundararajan^*

Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu (620 027), India

U. Pirithiraj

Dept. of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Castor is an important non-edible oilseed crop with diverse industrial value. India is a major producer of castor in the world. However, the productivity is low especially in the rainfed regions due to the incidence of pests and diseases. Fusarium wilt is the most destructive seed and soil borne disease in castor. The disease is seen in all the major castor growing states in India and can cause yield losses up to 80%. Though several management methods are available, host plant resistance is the most effective approach to manage the disease. Significant progress in identification of resistant sources and development of wilt resistant cultivars has been made in the past three decades. However, breakdown of resistance to wilt has been observed necessitating the development of durable resistance. In this article, the problems with castor production, incidence of wilt, management strategies and future outlook have been discussed.

V. Ramya^*

College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

S. Ameer Basha

College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

P. Bindu Priya

Agricultural College, Palem, Nagarkurnool, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana (509 215), India

In agriculture, there is a rising need for less chemical fertiliser, as well as improved pesticide resistance, has fuelled the growth of alternative insect-pest control methods. Microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) are an appealing alternative to conventional pesticides. Entomopathogenic Fungi are natural enemies that decimate insect populations while presenting no threat to public health and the surroundings. They are among the most effective biocontrol agents. They have a broad host range and the ability to manage both saps sucking insects as well as pests with mouthparts of biting and chewing type due to their pathogenicity pathway. However, they only make up a small part of the total pesticide business. This study focuses on the latest achievements of Entomopathogenic Fungi, including their potential mechanisms, plan of action to increase our understanding of insect pest biological control.

Debarshi Mahato*

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Pritendra Narayan Paikaray

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Apart from basic nutrition, functional foods have a potentially positive effect on health and vigour to the human body. Medicinal super food makhana is highly nutritious and rich in proteins (10.5%) and fibre (0.5%) and low in fat (0.1%). About 100 grams of makhana gives around 362.0 calories of energy. It is a fair source of calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus and micronutrients like Fe, Zn and Cu. The presence of a few flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) in moderate and vitamins in less quantity make makhana a unique food. Makhana seeds have the ability to prevent inflammation, cardiovascular diseases and BP (blood pressure) and diabetes. Gorgon nuts i.e., makhana help to strengthen the spleen and kidneys and cure jaundice. Makhana pop is a fancy diet, more than a nutritional importance and also use in regional rituals. It is a very useful food that can be consumed during Covid-19 spread, as it works as immune booster, stress remover and helps in remain medically fit.

B. R. Jana^*

ICAR-RCER, Research Centre on Makhana, Darbhanga, Bihar (846 005), India

Ujjwal Kumar

ICAR-RCER, ICAR Parishar, Patna, Bihar (800 014), India

I. S. Singh

ICAR-RCER, Research Centre on Makhana, Darbhanga, Bihar (846 005), India

Anuradha Srivastava

Directorate of Mushroom Research (ICAR), Kandaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 213), India

Site selection for aquaculture production is a challenging task that entails identifying areas that are socially, economically, and environmentally suitable as well as areas that are appropriate for aquaculture. Remote sensing uses electromagnetic or acoustic waves released by the targets of interest to acquire data/ information about objects/ substances that are not in direct contact with the sensor. Geographic information systems and remote sensing technologies, which allow for the integration and analysis of spatial and attribute data from a variety of sources, have been commonly used to find suitable locations for aquaculture. This article described a summary of the roles of remote sensing in aquaculture site selection.

Rinkesh N. Wanjari

SKUAST-K, Division of Fisheries Resource Management (FRM), Faculty of Fisheries, Rangil, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir (190 006), India

Karankumar K. Ramteke^*

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

Dhanalakshmi M.

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

Interest has been on the rise in nutraceutical, fresh and functional foods necessitated by the growing interest in healthy eating. Consumers are looking for the foods that support their health. Presence of phyto-constituents and minerals in abundance, microgreens have gained popularity and provide an insight to the researchers in the field of health and nutrition. This article concludes by identifying major prospects for further future research aiming to encourage the researcher to enhance the product quality and production efficiency of the microgreens.

Mandeep Singh^*

Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab (141 004), India

Anuj Choudhary

Dept. of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab (141 004), India

Antul Kumar

Dept. of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab (141 004), India

Fish and fishery products always have a high demand in the world market. In last few years, there is an increasing knowledge on the importance of n-3 PUFA in human physiology among people, and fish have high contents of this type of fatty acids and this gives more importance of fishery products in human health and nutrition. One of the major drawbacks of these products is oxidation, and it leads to non-desirable off-flavour. There are many synthetic antioxidants are used to retard the oxidation in fishery products but the use of some synthetic antioxidants are restricted in many countries due to the undesirable health effects. Alternatively the use of natural antioxidants instead of synthetic compounds has great importance and many plant extracts have been used as natural antioxidants and pomegranate extracts are one among them. Pomegranate extracts at the higher concentration have the potential antioxidant effect equal to the synthetic antioxidant.

Sarojini A.^*

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

Gajendra

College of Fisheries, KVAFSU, Mangaluru, Karnataka (575 002), India

Biochar is a black, highly porous, and finely grained charcoal-like substance obtained from any biomass by the process of pyrolysis. Conversion of Biomass into biochar is considered as very important process not only for environmental safety concern and also it has a crucial role in nutrient management in agriculture. Sugarcane is one of the important crops and produces abundant biomass in the form of trashes, bagasse and other residue which are carbon rich and is very much suitable for biochar production. So the biochar produced locally in field from by-products of sugarcane can be decisively used for the improvement of soil health and can also be tested for the management of various pests and diseases occurring in sugarcane. It will also be a one of the contributing factors for the improvement of livelihood security in rural areas.

R. Gopi^*

ICAR- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Research Centre, Kannur, Kerala (670 002), India

Mahendran B.

ICAR- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Research Centre, Kannur, Kerala (670 002), India

Nisha M.¹

¹ICAR- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Research Centre, Kannur, Kerala (670 002), India

Nithya K.

ICAR- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 007), India

Mahesh P.

ICAR- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 007), India

Mislabeling poses a threat to the sustainability of seafood supply chains, food integrity, the economy, public health, and consumers’ ethics and, can significantly affect conservation efforts. It is essential that these fraudulent and mislabeled fishes are to be revealed by PCR-based techniques. DNA Authentication is one of the effective tools and the mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I gene is used to identify the mislabeling of commercially important fishes at a DNA level. Because this analysis provides strong support to detect fishes that are sold under the wrong name and fraudulent seafood products sold as deliberately substituted by low-value fishes instead of high-value fishes. It helps to prohibit the conserved fish species from the sold. This article highlighted the suitable method used to overcome mislabeling and fraudulence issues that occur in the seafood trade to create awareness to poor consumers and seafood traders.

R. Rajeshkannan^*

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Off Yari Road, Andheri (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

V. Alamelu

Dr. MGR. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

V. Vijayarahavan

Dr. MGR. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

S. Vimaladevi

Dr. MGR. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Thalainayeru, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

The effluent discharge into river Noyyal river basin was around 75,000 m³ to 1,00,000 m³ per day and it contains both natural and synthetic dyes, along with more than 150 chemicals, such as common salt, detergent, caustic soda and hydrogen peroxide are used to colour the textiles and the toxic wastes are contaminated the water bodies in and around the Tirupur cities and affected soil, water, air ecosystem. The possibilities of ground water contamination mainly due to the period of non-flow of the river and it shows the deteriorated quality of surface and ground water to arrest these type of contamination by the effective approach for cleaning up contaminated surface water as well as ground water through physical, chemical and biological treatment process and strongly adhere the pollution act and environmental legislations.

R. Jayashree^*

Dept. of Soils and Environment, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu (625 104), India

R. Murugaragavan

Dept. of Soils and Environment, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu (625 104), India

Studies on zoonotic parasites are very important particularly in the Northeastern region of India due to the socio-economic, cultural, and feeding habitat of the people of this region. Moreover, a congenial atmosphere in terms of temperature, relative humidity, soil pH, and rainfall are conducive for the growth and propagation of the helminth parasites in domestic animals. Among zoonotic parasites, particularly those of Sarcocystosis, Toxoplasmosis, Hydatid cyst, Cysticercus cellulosae, and Cysticercus bovis are the most common in the region due to transmission between domestic animals and human beings. Most of the aforesaid zoonotic parasites cannot be detected at antemortem; therefore it is essential to develop a serodiagnostic kit in order to diagnose these diseases at an early stage to reduce the incidence of zoonotic parasites in domestic livestock. This will help in formulating future control strategies on these parasites.

J. K. Chamuah^*

ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

B. R. Maharana

Regional Research Station, LUVAS, Karnal, Haryana (132 001), India

Vivek Joshi

ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

L. Ezung

ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

K. P. Biam

ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

S. S. Hanah

ICAR-NRC on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

Bamboo orchid [Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr.] is a tall terrestrial orchid of South-East Asia bearing white to purple and grows well in full sun in tropical to subtropical climate. They are ideal loose flowers which are used in various rituals. Generally Bamboo orchid is used as a garden plant as focal point in lawn or home garden and can be used as grouping plants in parks, zoos, botanical gardens and landscape gardening. The rhizomes and roots of the plant are used in medicinal purposes.

L. C. De

ICAR- NRC for Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim (737 106), India

The need to produce more food grain from limited natural resources grew as the world's population. The use of improved crop varieties increased production, but soil qualities and climatic occurrences limited it. Under these conditions, saline soils must be managed scientifically in order to increase food crop yield. The majority of soils require organic matter addition and crop agronomic management. Green manure, FYM, leaching, scraping, and the use of salinity-tolerant crops are all recommended. These soils have excellent soil structure but are constrained by high salt ion concentrations. By management, these soils are key sustainable options for enhancing crop yield in arid and semi arid regions of India.

P. Deewan^*

Dept. of Agronomy, ARSS, Gonera, Kotputali, Rajasthan (303 108), India

R. Verma

Dept. of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, SKN COA, Jobner, Rajasthan (303 328), India

M. L. Dotaniya

ICAR- Directors of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan (321 303), India

C. K. Dotaniya

Dept. of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, SKRAU, Bikaner, Rajasthan (334 006), India

Coconut palm is an important plantation and oilseed crop of the tropics. A decline in production and productivity of established coconut gardens is attributed to numerous biotic and abiotic factors. Pencil point disorder, button shedding and barren nuts are a common problem in the coconut plantations. Integrated management practices can help to overcome these constraints and revive the productivity of the coconut palms.

D. Rajakumar^*

Dept. of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam, Vallanad, Tamil Nadu (628 252), India

S. Geethanjali

Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

V. Sivakumar

Coconut Research Station, Aliyarnagar, Tamil Nadu (642 101), India

H. P. Maheswarappa

AICRP on Palms, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala (671 124), India

Any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment is defined as Marine Trash. It consists of items that deliberately discarded in to the sea or rivers or on beaches have been made or used by people brought indirectly to the sea with rivers, accidental lost sewage, storm water or winds etc. This article mainly focus on different sources of marine trash, its impacts and the preventive measures to take up to save our ocean.

V. Lakshme Gayathre^*

Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thalainayeru, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (614 712), India

M. Kalaiarasan

Directorate of Incubation and Vocational Training in Fisheries, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (623 519), India

The production of a temperate fruit crop is markedly influenced by the climate change effects. The winter chilling requirements vary with each cultivar to break the dormancy and resumption of flowering, fruiting and vegetative growth. Low chill cultivars of peach crops have been developed throughout the world for enhancing the production and area of cultivation from low mountain hill to plateau and some plains. Low chill peach cultivars were successfully cultivated from eastern plateau and hill region. A 40% pruning of one year shoots encourages flowering, after 1.5 months after fruit setting, CuSO₄ (0.2%) and 20.0 ppm GA₃ spraying to low chill temperate fruits leads to obtain desirable yield. At high temperatures, bacterial canker and fruit fly are the major problems prevailing in growing areas. Under Eastern plateau and hill region the cultivars Flordaprince, Prabhat, Shan-e-Punjab and Pratap performed better in terms of production. Thus, these cultivars are suggested for commercial orcharding.

B. R. Jana

Research Centre for Makhana, Darbhanga, Bihar (846 005), India

The fruit based multi-tier cropping system is a self-sustainable system where solar energy, soil and environmental resources can be efficiently used. Solar energy can be harvested at different heights and cropping intensity is increased from unit area. The system consists of three main components viz. main crop, filler crop and inter crops which occupy three different tiers in space of the production system. Eastern plateau and hill region provide ample opportunity for the development of fruit based, particularly mango based multi-tier cropping system with economic benefits. Under NAIP, we developed a mango based 10.0 multi-tier cropping systems in eastern plateau and hill region. The study revealed that in 6^th years of orchard development, the benefit reaches up to Rs. 73,684.00 with different interventions like guava and seasonal vegetables (peanut, brinjal, beans, Okra, chili) under a multitier cropping system.

B. R. Jana

ICAR-RCER, Research Centre for Makhana, Basudeopur, Darbhanga, Bihar (846 005), India

Swine lameness with determinant factors of house and floor type, bedding, indoor farm management and seasons for all age group. The causes are many, namely genetic, congenital, physical insult, bacterial and viral infections, non-infectious causes fracture, myositis, leg weakness, tearing of muscle, porcine stress syndrome, toxicity and injury. Nutritional deficiency of vitamins and minerals can cause lameness. Lameness caused by arthritis, polyarthritis, fracture and fissure, apophyseolysis and epiphysiolysis, neuritis, paralysis, myositis, haematoma, traumatic injury, ostitis, periostitis, osteomyelitis, osteochrondrosis, ricket, osteomalacia and other conditions. The clinical signs of lameness are staggering gait, painful condition, laying down, sometimes swelling, haemorrahage on the floor injury cases, feet tapping, weight avoiding by legs, changed posture, vocalization, excitability, frequent micturition, defecation and eating unnatural objects. The success of treatment depends on the confirmative diagnosis. Diagnosis can be done on clinical signs, radiology, microbiology, post mortem lesions. Therapeutic intervention with anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatoid like medicine and deficiency supplements.

Dayamoy Mondal^*

Eastern Regional Station, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 037), India

Tapas Kumar Biswas

Eastern Regional Station, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata, West Bengal (700 037), India

Bt cotton provides in built protection to cotton against lepidopteron pests (Helicoverpa), therefore production of cotton has been increased. Due to introduction of Bt cotton socio-economic status of farmers has improved. The control provided by Bt cottons approaches immunity. No survivors have been found in field studies. Bt cotton has revolutionized our ability to implement IPM in cotton and reduced our insecticide inputs by over 60%. Each year billions of dollars are spent worldwide on insect control in agriculture. Despite this expenditure, up to 40% of a crop can be lost to insect damage, particularly in developing countries. Helicoverpa armigera is a common major pest, causing epidemics resulting into calamity. H. armigera comes in more than one peak along with pink boll worm in all cotton growing zones. A number of insecticides effectively control these insects' pests but they have been proven to be hazardous to human health and environment.

Alok Kumar Singh^*

Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, ANDUA&T, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Ujjwal Kumar Singh

Dept. of Horticulture, KNIPSS, Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh (228 118), India

Devendra Kumar

Dept. of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh (202 146), India

Pufferfishes occupies its unique place in Japanese seafood restaurants because of its delicious nature. Takifugu rubripes, an IUCN near-threatened red-listed species is one of the most preferred species and widely consumed. Due to its high market demand, makes it a highly prized food fish which in turn leads to depletion of wild stocks by overfishing. Aquacultured Tiger pufferfishes meets out the demand to a small extent but still consumer’s preference relies on those wild caught ones. Presently, Tiger pufferfish hatcheries faces severe stress releated mortalities. This article deals with the aspects that how the Tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin mitigates those stress-related mortalities in Tiger Pufferfishes hatcheries. And also, explains that how understanding on the interactive effects of tetrodotoxin on CRH-ACTH-cortisol axis and its mitigating stress effect can be exploited through further research.

R. Karthik^*

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

S. Sudarshan

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

S. Aanand

Erode Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Bhavanisagar, Erode, Tamil Nadu (638 451), India

As the title denotes, the innovative biomaterial has been developed using the aquaculture waste by a team of scientists at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Majority of the aquaculture industry side-streams are currently used for low-value purposes such as animal feed or composting material, with low economical returns. To maximize resource reuse and minimize waste generation, valorisation efforts should be augmented with the aim to produce high-value products. The Nanyang Technological University, Singapore has come up with the best remedy of waste utilization. The article discusses the technology and procedure in brief.

Mahadevi^*

Dept. of Aquaculture, Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Cheryl Antony

Dept. of Aquaculture, Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

V. Ezhilarasi

Dept. of Aquaculture, Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

K. Ravaneswaran

Dept. of Aquaculture, Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

B. Ahilan

Dept. of Aquaculture, Dr. MGR Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Groundnut is an important oilseed crop grown throughout the year. Groundnut having three types of growth habit, Spanish and Valencia habit types does not have fresh seed dormancy, while Virginia types having longer seed dormancy. Lack of seed dormancy in the Spanish bunch and Valencia varieties have a major problem of in-situ germination resulting from unpredictable rainfall at crop maturity while prolonged seed dormancy in Virginia types prevents farmers to use own seed immediately after harvest for sowing purpose and also having longer duration than Spanish bunch cultivars. Therefore, Spanish bunch cultivars are most suitable because of fit well in the kharif, rabi and summer seasons with at least three week fresh seed dormancy to avoid pod losses due to unpredictable rainfall at the time harvesting.

Narendra Kumar^*

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, PB No.5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

Ajay B.C.

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, PB No.5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

S.K. Bishi

ICAR- Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Garhkhatanga, Ranchi, Jharkhand (834 010), India

Gangadhara K.

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, PB No.5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

Praveen Kona

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, PB No.5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

Kirti Rani

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, PB No.5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

Raja Ram Choudhary

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, PB No.5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

Endophytic bacteria belong to the group of microorganisms that complete their life cycle partly or entirely within a host plant without causing any apparent disease symptoms in the host. They are ubiquitously associated, either obligately or facultatively, with almost all plant parts and plant species, and this could be either beneficial or neutral effect on plants. In beneficial symbiotic associations, they enhance the plant growth under normal and stressed conditions through direct mechanisms such as production of phytohormones, improved bioavailability of nutrients and modulation of plant ethylene level or through indirect mechanisms by protecting host plant from the attack of pests and phytopathogens. Moreover, phytoremediation efficiency of bacterial endophytes contributes towards adaptation and enhanced growth of plants in sites heavily contaminated with organic pollutants. Therefore, application of endophytic bacteria with beneficial characteristics could be developed as a promising tool for gaining our goals of safe and sustainable agriculture system.

Yashaswini, M.S.^*

Dept. of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka (560 065), India

Nysanth, N.S.

Dept. of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka (560 065), India

Anith, K.N.

Dept. of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala (695 522), India

Fish is the most perishable sea food and it has high economic value due to its taste and nutritional value. Nowadays, fish freshness is analyzed by physical examination test. Manual identification of fish freshness can source of false estimation and result to the probability of food poisoning. This paper deals with the classification of fish freshness based on image processing by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The fish eye image will be captured during its freshness stage to spoiled stage sequentially and it is stored by using chilling process. In Image acquisition, the eyes and gills of the fish image was captured under constant illumination. The images are processed and it is fed to Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Feed forward back propagation algorithm was used to train the artificial neural network in order to achieve the desired output.

Babiyola D.^*

Dept. of Fisheries Engineering, College of Fisheries Engineering, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

Mercy Amrita C.

Dept. of Fisheries Engineering, College of Fisheries Engineering, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

Kamalakannan M.

Dept. of Basic Sciences, College of Fisheries Engineering, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

Ragasudha R.

M.Tech (Fish Process Engineering), College of Fisheries Engineering, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

Sahyadria denisonii (Miss Kerala) is a much sought-after fish in the international ornamental fish trade. It has been continuously exploited form natural resources for its high export value, due to which, it has reached the endangered status. Some of the promising attempts have been made to breed this species under captivity but even though not yet reached the commercialization. This article would like to emphasize on the species demand, captive breeding technologies and practical difficulties in commercialization of the S. denisonii.

Mahadevi^*

Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

K. Ravaneswaran

Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

Cheryl Antony

Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

B. Ahilan

Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

P. Yuvarajan

Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu (611 002), India

Seagrasses are submerged flowering plants found in shallow marine waters, such as bays and lagoons and along the continental shelf in the Gulf of Mexico. A vital part of the marine ecosystem due to their productivity level, seagrasses provide food, habitat, and nursery areas for numerous vertebrate and invertebrate species. The vast biodiversity and sensitivity to changes in water quality inherent in sea grass communities makes seagrasses an important species to help determine the overall health of coastal ecosystems. This article will provide a better knowledge about important role of the seagrass in marine environment.

S. Malathi^*

Institute of Fisheries Postgraduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (603 103), India

Ambika Binesh

Institute of Fisheries Postgraduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Vaniyanchavadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (603 103), India

Synthetic drugs gaining entry into the human systems through various channels for treating ailment, infertility, beauty care, etc., leave their deadly imprints in the name of side effects and today medicinal plants are staging a comeback in the form of “Herbal Renaissance” to shield the humanity with safety and security. In the recent past, high market fluctuations of copra price along with emerging pests and diseases has forced the farming community to think of synergistic intercrops like cocoa, nutmeg, pepper, arecanut, acid lime, guava etc., in coconut gardens. Unequivocally medicinal plants offer good scope for increasing the on-farm productivity and income of coconut growers besides restoring the traditional wisdom about alternative medicine which has slowly eroded in the plight of fast acting synthetic drugs. Eclipta alba, Centella asiatica, Andrographis paniculata, Solanum surattense, Phyllanthus amarus, Swertia chirata, Hemedesmus indicus, Pluchea lanceolata Withania somnifera and Alpinia galangal are the medicinal plants suitable for intercropping in coconut gardens.

C. Sudhalakshmi^*

Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Coconut Research Station, Aliyar Nagar, Tamil Nadu (642 101), India

D. Rajakumar

Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Coconut Research Station, Aliyar Nagar, Tamil Nadu (642 101), India

C. Ushamalini

Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Coconut Research Station, Aliyar Nagar, Tamil Nadu (642 101), India

B. Meena

Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Coconut Research Station, Aliyar Nagar, Tamil Nadu (642 101), India

Generally encapsulation will develop an impermeable barrier to oxygen diffusion, thus it has been widely used to protect fish oil from oxidation. It also used in the controlled release of ingredients to improve the functionality of food additives and expanding the application range of food ingredients. Several methods have been used to encapsulate fish oil, but spray drying is the most common method. Electro spraying for ultrathin coating, spray granulation and fluid bed film coating, encapsulation using ultrasonic atomizer are the emerging methods for encapsulation of fish oil.

Sarojini A.^*

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

Vinothkumar L.

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

Vignaesh D.

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

Manivannan M.

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

Small millets are traditional staple food in dry land areas and are well known as Nutri-cereals due to high nutrient content. The most important cultivated species of small millets are Foxtail millet (Kangni), Finger millet (Mandua), Little millet (Kutki), Kodo millet, Barnyard millet (Jhangora), and Proso millet (Cheena). Minor millets are loaded with full of macro- and micro-nutrients like Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, phosphorous, fibre, B complex vitamins. Millets have nutraceutical properties in the form of antioxidants which are essential to human body. These minor millets perform well in marginal land, require very less water for their cultivation and can withstand severe climatic conditions. Small millets are more environment friendly with high water use efficiency and low input requirement, which make them farmer friendly. Therefore, there is need to develop new high yielding varieties to increase the area under minor millets crops to achieve nutritional security in the country.

Rajarshi Sanyal^*

School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR- Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand (834 003), India

Danish Jawed

School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR- Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand (834 003), India

Narendra Kumar

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research- Regional Research Station, Bikaner, Rajasthan (334 004), India

Sujit Kumar Bishi

School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR- Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand (834 003), India

The development of harmful algal blooms is mainly due to the overgrowth of phytoplankton and it produces various toxins. The phytoplankton growth is also associated with transportation of encysted algae to the new environment or due to aquaculture practices. The toxins are classified into lipophilic and hydrophilic based on their solubility. The marine toxins have the ability to accumulate in fish, molluscs and crustaceans which are the basic diet for the human. The consumption of marine toxins causes severe neurological symptoms. The EU and USA has established the regulatory limits for the potential marine toxins. Hence, Continuous monitoring of algal blooms producing marine biotoxins helps in reducing potential impacts on human.

Pandi Ganesan^*

Dept. of Fish Processing Technology, Fisheries College and Research Institute, TNJFU, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu (628 008), India

Sakthivel Devadharshini

Dept. of Fish Processing Technology, Fisheries College and Research Institute, TNJFU, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu (628 008), India

Even as the world is facing the repercussions of the deadly Delta variant of COVID-19, the main cause behind the second wave outbreak in India, two other strains of the virus has become a cause of concern globally. C.1.2 COVID-19 variant, first detected in South Africa in May, and Mu also known by its scientific name as B.1.621, first identified in Colombia in January, have been said to be a major cause of concern for the scientists. The World Health Organisation said that it is closely monitoring the new 'variant of interest' Mu or B.1.621 warning that it could be more vaccine-resistant. Mu has been behind the outbreaks in South America and Europe. The new variant exhibits similar spike proteins associated with higher rates of transmissibility, much like the delta variant of the coronavirus, and could potentially have characteristics that would allow C.1.2 to evade vaccine-induced immune responses, but researchers note further observation is needed.

Jyoti Prakash Sahoo^*

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Kailash Chandra Samal

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Pranaya Pradhan

Dept. of Nematology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Ankit Moharana

Dept. of Seed Science and Technology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Vegetable biofortification refers to increasing the bioavailability of mineral content of vegetable crops genetically. Our body requires an adequate amount of nutrients to live a healthy and productive life. The malnutrition has emerged as a global problem. The major cause of malnutrition is consumption of nutritionally poor and unbalanced diet. No single intervention can solve the global problem of malnutrition completely, but biofortification can help to tackle malnutrition up to certain extent. Biofortification is cheap, sustainable and long-term delivery method of micronutrients and vitamins to remote rural areas which have limited access to commercially marketed fortified food.

Vikash Singh^*

Dept. of Vegetable Science, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Abhay Kumar Yadav

Dept. of Fruit Science, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

Ashutosh Upadhyay

Dept. of Vegetable Science, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (208 002), India

Ritesh Singh

Dept. of Fruit Science, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh (224 229), India

India with an annual production is 13.7 million tonnes of fishes per year. In this half of the production is contributed by Aquaculture. Total global production of all species of pompano is in excess of 1,10,000 tonnes and appears to be growing. Aquaculture of silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii) is being successfully under taken in many Asia pacific countries like Taiwan and Indonesia. Recently cultured of silver pompano becomes families in Indian coastal states due to supply of seed from hatcheries. CMFRI supplies silver pompano seeds to farmers. Compare to marine fish farming there is a well development in freshwater fish farming and brackish water shrimp farming. Hence, it is emerging requirement to increase the production of marine fish like silver pompano.

A. Anix Vivek Santhiya^*

Dept. of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (628 008), India

Mithun Kumar

Dept. of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (628 008), India

C. Lloyd Chrispin

Dept. of Fisheries Extension, Economics and Statistics, Dr. M.G.R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Tamil Nadu (601 204), India

Micronutrient deficiency is a serious global health problem that affects one out of every three persons. Agricultural products are the primary source of nutrients for humans, especially in developing countries. These nutrient deficient agricultural products cannot support healthy diet in order to meet daily requirements resulting in poor health, sickness, increased morbidity and mortality rates. Biofortifying the crops consumed by the poor population of the world can considerably improve the amount of nutrients consumed by these populations. Despite numerous challenges and the potential extent of biofortification's impact on population nutritional status may be small biofortified crops have been recognized as a viable and cost-effective agricultural approach for improving the nutritional status of tens of millions of people on a sustainable basis.

Merentoshi^*

Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development (SASRD), Nagaland University, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India

Ranjan Das

Dept. of Crop Physiology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam (785 013), India

Being a leguminous, groundnut is capable to meet out nitrogen requirement through biological nitrogen fixation, but application of basal dose is crucial for initial growth and development. Proper supply of phosphorus is important for root development. Calcium is important for pod formation while sulphur is required for oil synthesis. Groundnut is also sensitive to micronutrient deficiencies. Groundnut is an exhaustive crop and requires large amount of macro and micro-nutrients from the soil which cannot be met by single nutrient source. Under such condition supply of nutrients through organic and inorganic sources and biofertilizers in integrated manner is a feasible option; hence, there is ample scope for increasing groundnut production through nutrient management approach.

Raja Ram Choudhary^*

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, P.B. No.-5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

Kiran Kumar Reddy

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, P.B. No.-5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

Sushmita

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, P.B. No.-5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

Narendra Kumar

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, P.B. No.-5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

Kirti Rani

ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, P.B. No.-5, Junagadh, Gujarat (362 001), India

Moderna, a Massachusetts-based company which has recently been acknowledged for developing a viable COVID-19 vaccine, will soon begin human trials of a revolutionary HIV vaccine. Researchers expect that the mRNA technology used to develop the COVID-19 vaccine will also work against HIV resulting in an effective vaccine against the later. Moderna's strategy is based on the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, a non-profit organisation and Scripps Research, a non-profit research facility in San Diego. In addition, a collaborative study shown that it is possible to increase activity of immune cells termed germline B-cells, which can create broadly neutralising antibodies against HIV in humans.

Jyoti Prakash Sahoo^*

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Pratikshya Mishra

Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Kailash Chandra Samal

Dept. of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (751 003), India

Tuna fish is one of the most popular varieties of seafood in the world. In addition to its abundance and meaty flavor, tuna is also an extremely nutritious food and lots of health benefits are associated with the consumption of tuna fish. Because of it’s had high potential for therapeutic value due to its bioactive compounds. Tuna Fish obtains a greater attraction as an excellent source of omega 3 fatty acids. Tuna fish is considered a choice for many since it is the cheapest source of animal protein and other essential nutrients for human health.

Riddhiben Govindbhai Vagh^*

Dept. of Fish Processing Technology, College of Fisheries Science, Kamdhenu University, Veraval, Gujarat (362 265), India

D. V. Bhola

Dept. of Fish Processing Technology, College of Fisheries Science, Kamdhenu University, Veraval, Gujarat (362 265), India

B. G. Chudasama

Dept. of Fish Processing Technology, College of Fisheries Science, Kamdhenu University, Veraval, Gujarat (362 265), India

Coconut palm is one of the economically important palms in the world and owing to its multipurpose nature; it can contribute in many ways for the sustainability of farming communities. At present coconut inflorescence sap, as a health drink, has tremendous market potential in India as well as in other countries. Hence if promoted, it has tremendous market potential as a natural health drink and also as a raw material for different value-added coconut products like syrup, sugar, honey, etc., and this ensures the profitability of coconut cultivation and contribute to the sustenance and well-being of coconut communities.

V. Sivakumar^*

Coconut Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Aliyarnagar, Tamil Nadu (642 101), India

R. Sudha

Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala (671 124), India

V. Niral

Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala (671 124), India

Bio-security implies to a series of comprehensive strategies and rules to mitigate and curb spreading of diseases as well as to safeguard the life and health of flora and fauna with other environmental risks associated with it. With the changing world order and climate change, it has become very essential to check the pathogens at every check point to prevent pandemic situations like Covid-19. The application of these strategies and set of rules are very critical at regional, national and international level to prevent trans-boundary diseases also. In addition to that, bio-security at farm levels guarantees the food safety down the line and prevents any health hazards.

Sakshi^*

M.V.Sc. (Veterinary Medicine), ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh (243 122), India

Cyclones are a type of natural disaster which happens every year in India that is affecting the fish biodiversity, fish catch, damaging katcha houses, fishing infrastructure such as port, fish drying area, fish auction hall, crafts, gears and water quality is also affected. Due to cyclone fisherman has lost their fishing days thereby income of fishermen is lost. In some cases the fishers have lost their lives also. To overcome the cyclonic storms more preparedness is required to become adaptive to these natural disasters. The coastal people have to be shifted to safe places and provided all necessary facilities. To reduce the effect of cyclone on coastal area the mangrove belt has to improve to guard the coastal area. The fishers have to be taught some alternative livelihood thereby the income of fishermen is not lost during cyclone days.

Dhanalakshmi M.^*

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

Karankumar K. Ramteke

ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra (400 061), India

Rinkesh N. Wanjari

Division of Fisheries Resource Management (FRM), Faculty of Fisheries, SKUAST-K, Rangil, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir (190 006), India

Flatus sugars are naturally found in a large variety of seeds from different crop families, especially the legumes. A major contributor among the flatus sugars is the Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs). They are α-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose. Due to absence of α-galactosidase enzyme in the digestive tract of humans and other monogastric animals, RFOs are responsible for intestinal disturbances (flatulence) following the ingestion of legume-derived products. Although RFOs are considered as the main flatus-causing factors, they are also involved in several important functions during plant and seed development. Hence, it is imperative to develop strategies to reduce RFO concentration to a level that maintains plant functions while reducing flatus potential. Several post-harvest processing methods and genetic approaches have been utilised to reduce RFO concentration to promote their consumption in human diet around the world, among which microbial α-galactosidases are thought as the most optimum candidate.

Rajarshi Sanyal^*

School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR- Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand (834 003), India

Sujit Kumar Bishi

School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR- Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand (834 003), India

India is the largest producer of cotton. Cotton plant is ravaged by many sucking pests and there is a constant change in pest scenario. Among the sucking pests, thrips (Order: Thysanoptera, Family: Thripidae), is the most vital early season sucking insect pest that retard the growth and development of cotton. The main symptoms of damage is scrapping and sucking sap from leaf epidermis leads to curling of leaf margins and shriveling of leaves. However, thrips is a tiny sucking insect pest that can greatly hamper crop production by direct feeding damage and also acting as vectors of plant viruses and causing huge economic loss in agriculture. It is a polyphagous pest. Thrips develops in six stages: egg, two nymphal instars, prepupa, pupa, and finally the adult insect.

M. Amutha^*

ICAR- Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

D. Kanjana

ICAR- Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

P. Valarmathi

ICAR- Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (641 003), India

Fish oil is highly important due to the biologically active omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and its health benefits. The health benefits from the consumption of omega-3 PUFAs especially eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexanaenoic (DHA) fatty acids include reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease, partial remediation of Type II diabetes, various types of cancers and development of brain and nervous tissue for infants. The high levels of PUFAs in fish oil are highly unstable for oxidation. Fish oil extraction by heat processing method will further induce the rate of oxidation. Hence, oil extraction by practicing non-heat processes such as pH-shift method result in higher quality of final product.

Sarojini A.^*

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

Vinothkumar L.

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

Vignaesh D.

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

Manivannan M.

Paraprofessional Institute of Fisheries Technology, TNJFU, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 051), India

The term eDNA represents to Environmental DNA metabarcoding, which is a novel way to assess the available biodiversity in the environmental samples (soil, water or air), which are used to extract DNA and are amplified using universal primers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing the PCR product by next-generation sequencing. Plant health and crop productivity dependent on microbial population and their interactions with plant. Soil biology has a critical role in regulating soil formation, flow of key nutrients and the status of water quality is controlled by soil nutrients. India has a large area covered by pastoralism agriculture which has capacity to improve the livestock productivity on pastures by managing soil biology. They provide a considerable amount of opportunity to make progress on a diverse range of environmental outcomes linked to the ecosystem services that pastures support. eDNA can be an excellent way to monitor and control soil properties and, improving productivity.

Kanti Meena

ICAR- Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers, Barrackpore, West Bengal (700 120), India

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important pulse crop in the world and India is the single largest producer accounting for 65% of the production. Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris has become a major factor limiting chickpea production worldwide. Development and use of high-yielding cultivars resistant to the prevalent pathogen races in a given area is the single most practical and cost-efficient management for the disease. Use of healthy certified seed, sanitation and cropping practices, seed treatment with chemicals and biocontrol agent also help in managing the wilt in chickpea. Molecular tools available for characterization and monitoring of F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceris populations would help in the implementation efficiency of these disease control measures. Improvement of these practices may be further realized by combining slow-wilting cultivars within an integrated management strategy.

V. Ramya^*

College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

S. Ameer Basha

College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

P. Bindu Priya

Agricultural College, Palem, Nagarkurnool, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana (509 215), India

Tomato is India's third most important horticultural crop, yet it is affected by a variety of abiotic causes. Blossom end rot, fruit cracking (radial and concentric cracking), puffiness, sunscald, blotchy ripening, and other physiological diseases harm the crop. This article will help growers in understanding various physiological disorders that impact the crop, and the corrective measures to take in order to develop a nutritious crop.

Gangadhara K.

ICAR- Central Institute of Arid Horticulture, Central Horticultural Experimental Station, Kalol, Gujarat (389 330), India

Raman Selvakumar^*

ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India

Praveen Kumar Singh

ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, Delhi (110 012), India