Millets are group of small-seeded “Nutri-Cereals” that are grown as food crops in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa and Asia. The value chain approach aims to identify and strengthen the linkages between different players’ activities involved in production & marketing of millet products, in order to increase efficiency, competitiveness and profitability. In traditional supply chain, millet farmers were not getting remunerative prices, but farmers as Producer Organizations (FPOs) or collectives can increase the farmers share in consumer rupee by playing the middlemen role in the market. FPO as a cluster can focus on processing and value addition of millets and target the customers directly by B2B and B2C. ICAR-IIMR acts as CBBO for 41 FPOs in four states (Andhra, Telangana, Karnataka & Madhya Pradesh) and they established primary processing unit in collaboration with KVKs at FPO farm gate i.e., Aland, Hulsoor, Shorapur, Vizianagaram, Anantapur, Vishakhapatnam for strengthening the millet value chain by engaging FPOs/ SHGs/ rural women/ unemployed youth in preparing value added products and delivering them through GeM portal, ONDC, SFAC and online platforms. Primary processing and value addition technology adoption by FPOs are key sources to generate better income and assured markets to millet growers. Millet value chain is facing many challenges but the overall adoption of improved technologies, better market linkages and increased investment in infrastructure are key strategies to enhance the competitiveness of the millet value chain, increase farmers’ income and improve food security and nutrition.

Sangappa^*

ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

D. Rafi

ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

E. Charishma

ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

C. Tara Satyavathi

ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, Telangana (500 030), India

Aquaculture plays a vital role in enhancing rural livelihoods and ensuring food security, especially in regions such as Tripura, India, where fisheries significantly contribute to the socio-economic landscape. This study examines the adoption of aquaculture technologies among 60 artisanal fish farmers in the Gomati district, delving into socio-economic factors, adoption trends and prevalent challenges. A comprehensive evaluation of a 10-item aquaculture technology package categorized adoption levels into low (<0.33), medium (0.33-0.66) and high (>0.66). Findings reveal that nearly half of the respondents (48.33%) exhibited low adoption levels, primarily due to limited resources, financial constraints and insufficient technical knowledge. Key practices, including feeding, pond maintenance and fish preservation, were notably underused. ANOVA analysis indicated that land ownership, income and experience significantly influenced the levels of adoption, while education and family structure did not show a significant correlation. Quadrant analysis categorized practices based on their adoption frequency and associated challenges, highlighting priority areas for intervention. High-adoption practices such as pond preparation and harvesting can serve as a foundation for promoting additional technologies. To tackle these challenges, policy-driven interventions are essential. These should include strengthening extension services, improving access to low-interest credit and promoting resource-efficient technologies like biofloc systems. Tailored programs aimed at young farmers, women and marginalized groups can enhance inclusivity, while developing market infrastructure and fostering public-private partnerships (PPPs) can mitigate uncertainties and improve profitability. By integrating financial support, capacity building and sustainable practices, policymakers can facilitate greater adoption of aquaculture technologies, resulting in increased productivity, income and rural development in Tripura.

Sourav Debnath

ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Biswajit Debnath^*

ICAR-KVK, South Tripura, Birchandra Manu, India

Bhautik Savaliya

ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

In aquaculture, feed accounts for more than half of the input cost. The biofloc technology (BFT) helps manage nitrogenous waste and produce floc-proteins. Focusing this, we investigated the effect of feed reduction on the growth, survival and digestive function of Labeo gonius fry in BFT. The experiment includes two feeding levels (3% and 6%) in BFT and a clearwater system (control). Advanced fry (mean weight = 0.94 g) were randomly distributed into four groups: 3% BFT, 6% BFT, 3% CN and 6% CN and fed 35% protein diet for 60 days. In BFT, molasses was used as carbon source and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 20:1 was maintained. Growth was comparable in 6% CN and 3% BFT (p>0.05); however, highest in 6% BFT. Survival percentage was non-significant (p>0.05). Feed conversion ratio improved significantly (p<0.05) in biofloc group, compared to control, coinciding with higher activity of protease and amylase enzymes. Overall, biofloc system at both level of feeding delivers better growth and digestive enzyme activity. However, considering a comparable growth in 3% biofloc and 6% control, we concluded that restriction in feeding level (50%) is possible for early seed rearing of L. gonius in BFT. This work unravels the idea of feed minimization for better profit margin.

Soibam Khogen Singh^*

Dept. of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Tripura (799 210), India

Reshmi Debbarma

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ukhrul, ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur (795 142), India

One of the most underutilized plants which are abundantly available in north east India is Tree bean with a variety of uses. The tree legume, commonly known as tree beans is popularly used as food in North East India. It contain good amount of natural colorants which can be can be used for dyeing textiles with medicinal properties. The importance for natural sources is eminent due to the increased awareness created due to most of the adverse effects of synthetic products. In this study, Parkia roxburghii commonly known as tree bean is an underutilized leguminous tree but an important source of natural dye was selected as the main coloring (dye) ingredient and applied on wool fabric. To enhance the coloring capacity, different mordant were used with tree beans (Parkia roxburghii). The extraction was carried out through the conventional extraction method in the aqueous medium. The extract was filtered twice for dyeing of wool fabric. Phyto-chemical analysis was done to confirm the presence of the phytochemical compounds. The dye extract was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the determination of dominant functional groups. Natural dyeing of wool was carried out with and without mordant, such as aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate. Pre, Meta and Post-mordanting techniques were employed. The performances of dyed fabrics were evaluated in terms of color strength K/S values. The fastness properties of dyed fabrics were also measured. The dyed fabric showed various color shades based on the type of mordant used with good colour fastness properties.

Mamoni Probha Borah^*

College of Community Science, Tura, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Meghalaya (794 005), India

Tracy Thokchom

College of Community Science, Tura, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Meghalaya (794 005), India

Puja Laishram

College of Community Science, Tura, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Meghalaya (794 005), India

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most significant staple crop in India and ranks second globally in terms of production. The rice leaf surface, with its unique anatomical and physiological traits, provides a supportive habitat for a diverse range of phylloplane microorganisms, some of which have shown antagonistic activity against rice pathogens. This study aims to identify and characterize microbial populations on rice phylloplane at various growth stages. Using leaf imprinting techniques, microbial colonies were isolated, with the highest microbial counts observed at the milky stage. The microbial isolates were grouped based on morphological characteristics and subsequently purified. Gram staining was performed for the bacterial isolates and were examined under a foldscope, an affordable microscope. Biochemical analyses were conducted on the bacterial isolates and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, a key hormone in plant growth, was assessed. Results indicated that all bacterial isolates produced IAA, with concentrations ranging from 0.15 mg L^-1 to 0.59 mg L^-1.

M. Gomathy^*

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Sabarinathan, K.G.

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Rajakumar, D.

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Ananthi K.

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Pranab Dutta

College of Agriculture, Kyrdemkulai, CAU (Imphal), Meghalaya, India

This study investigated the effects of short-term tillage practices on soil properties, root architecture and crop yield of maize under maize based cropping systems. A randomized complete block design with four replications was employed to evaluate four tillage treatments: no-till with 20% residue retention (NT), minimum tillage (MT), conventional tillage (CT) and permanent broad bed furrow (PBBF). Conservation tillage practices, particularly NT and PBBF, positively influenced soil properties and maize yield. These practices reduced soil bulk density and compaction, especially in the subsoil (20-40 cm) under NT. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content in the 0-20 cm depth was significantly higher in NT and PBBF systems. NT also exhibited the highest root mass density at deeper soil depths (30-40 cm). Significant plasticity (p<0.001) was observed in root morphological traits, including brace root angle (BA) and branching (BB) and crown root angle (CA) and branching (CB), under different tillage practices, with the greatest reductions observed under NT. Overall, NT with 20% residue retention proved most beneficial for soil health and optimizing maize yield in this cropping system.

A. Gangarani Devi^*

ICAR-Research Complex for NEHR-Tripura Centre, Lembucherra, West Tripura, Tripura, India

Anup Das^*

ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region Patna, Bihar, India

Krishnappa Rangappa

ICAR-Research Complex for NEHR, Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Hidangmayum Lembisana Devi

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamenglong, ICAR-Manipur Centre, Imphal West, Manipur, India

Biswajit Das

ICAR-Research Complex for NEHR-Tripura Centre, Lembucherra, West Tripura, Tripura, India

Burhan Uddin Choudhury

ICAR-Research Complex for NEHR-Tripura Centre, Lembucherra, West Tripura, Tripura, India

Vinay Kumar Mishra

ICAR-Research Complex for NEHR, Umiam, Meghalaya, India

The present study deals with the detailed cytological investigation, which has been undertaken in C. sinensis to study the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the karyotype of the plant. For the karyomorphological study, the tea plants were inoculated with ZnO Nano particle following standard protocol. It was found that the inoculation of ZnO Nano particle induced the formation of less asymmetrical karyotype than that of untreated plant. Hence, the plants treated with ZnO nanoparticles were primitive than that of untreated plants. Whatsoever, the treatment with nanoparticles didn’t had any negative impact. The ZnO nanoparticle inoculation has also resulted in production of higher amount of secondary metabolites. Thus the present study has revealed that nanoparticles can prove to be beneficial in breeding programme as they do not impose any negative impact on the plant and also have the potential to increase higher production of secondary metabolites in the plants which will be beneficial to health and also beneficial to plant growth.

Aim: To study the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the karyomorphology and biochemical changes of Camellia sinensis

Methodology: Collection of the plant samples, Inoculation of the samples with nanoparticles, Karyomorphology and Biochemical studies

Results: Inoculation of nanoparticles induced less asymmetrical karyotype and enhanced the production of secondary metabolites

Interpretation: Inoculation of nanoparticles do not inflict any detrimental cytological changes and hence can be further used for cytological studies. The inoculation of nanoparticles also enhances the production of secondary metabolites; hence, the technology can be utilized for engineering novel Tea varieties which is otherwise difficult through conventional breeding techniques.

Twahira Begum

CSIR-NEIST, NH-37, Pulibor, Jorhat, Assam (785 006), India

Pranab Dutta^*

College of Agriculture, Kyrdemkulai, CAU (Imphal), Ri Bhoi, Meghalaya (793 104), India

Use of biocontrol agents and homeopathic medicines in managing plant diseases are now gaining more importance among the farming community as they have no or less harmful effect to the crop health, soil health and do not causes any ecological imbalances. For the combined use of biocontrol agents and homeopathic medicines, six (6) biocontrol agents (Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma harzianum, Metarhizium robertsii, Beauveria bassiana, Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis) were tested to study the compatibility with the six (6) homeopathic medicines (Thuja occidentalis, Arnica montana, Belladonna, Acidum nitricum, Arsenicum album and Carica sulphur) at 100 ppm and 500 ppm concentration. Among these biocontrol agents T. reesei and T. harzianum were found extremely compatible at 100 ppm concentration of homeopathic medicines. M. robertsii, B. bassiana and B. subtilis were also found to be highly compatible at 100 ppm concentrations. At 500 ppm concentration, these biocontrol agents were found incompatible with 100% growth inhibition was observed. A. niger when treated with homeopathic medicines at 100 ppm concentration found highly compatible and at 500 ppm the growth of fungal colonies of A. niger was also recorded.

Pritam Das^*

College of Agriculture, CAU (Imphal), Kyrdemkulai, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, India

Pranab Dutta^*

College of PG Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Madhusmita Mahanta

College of Agriculture, CAU (Imphal), Kyrdemkulai, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, India

Ritika Raj

College of Agriculture, CAU (Imphal), Kyrdemkulai, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, India

Dwipendra Thakuria

College of PG Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Harshit Singh

College of Agriculture, CAU (Imphal), Kyrdemkulai, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, India

Gunadhya Kumar Upamanya

Sarat Chandra Sinha College of Agriculture, AAU (Jorhat), Dhubri, Assam, India

Punabati Heisnam

College of Agriculture, CAU (Imphal), Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Helminthosporium leaf blight of barnyard millet is becoming a yield reduction factor and a detailed was undertaken at Centre of Excellence in Millets, Athiyandal for screening and field evaluation of the rhizosphere colonizing beneficial bacteria and fungicides against Helminthosporium leaf blight pathogen during 2022-2024. Among the treatments, fungicide azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 0.1% has recorded the minimum growth of the pathogen. All the bacterial isolates were also significantly reduced the mycelial growth of Helminthosporium crusgalli under in vitro and the isolate B. subtilis CMBS 3 recorded minimum growth of H. crusgalli among the biocontrol agents. The fungicides as well as biocontrol agents also significantly enhanced the shoot and root length and vigour index of barnyard millet under roll towel method. Among the treatments, azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 0.1% recorded maximum length of shoot and root and vigour index. The bacterial isolate B. subtilis CMBS 6 recorded the maximum length among the biocontrol agents. All the treatments were significantly reduced the disease incidence and increased the yield under field conditions and among the treatments, the spray of azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 0.1% at 40 days after sowing (DAS) recorded the lowest percent disease index (PDI) of leaf blight. However, the seed treatment with B. subtilis CEMBS 3 and spray of B. subtilis CEMBS 3 @ 0.5% at 20 and 40 DAS was also found to be better in reducing the PDI of leaf blight and increasing the yield among biocontrol agents.

P.T. Sharavanan^*

Centre of Excellence in Millets, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Athiyandal, Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu (606 603), India

Bacterial wilt of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith is common on potato crop worldwide. The current study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on R. solanacearum inin vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro disc diffusion method revealed that AgNPs and AuNPs at 5000 ppm along with R. solanacearum produced highest inhibition zone (mm) of 1.70 mm and 1.45 mm, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis showed that these nanoparticles cause distortion of bacterial cell walls. Pot experiments with seed treatment and soil application of nanoparticles resulted in significant improvements in plant growth, reduced disease incidence and increased yield. Pot experiment resulted in 70% reduction in wilt and a yield of 2.5 kg plant^-1. The biochemical tests of NPs treated potato plant at 5000 ppm resulted increase of TSS (187.41 ppm) for AgNPs, TSP (440.45 ppm) for control (with R. solanacearum), phenol (253.01 ppm) content for AgNPs, flavonoids (862 ppm) for both AgNPs, terpenoid (21.92 mg) for control (with R. solanacearum) and proline content (100.36 mg g^-1) for AuNPs. The present study showed encouraging result of using Ag and AuNPs as seed treating agent and soil drenching agent for the management of bacterial wilt of potato with enhance plant defence metabolite and yield.

Rajni Raj^*

College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Lydia Vanlaltani

College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Madhusmita Mahanta

College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Harshit Singh

College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Pritam Das

College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Ritika Raj

College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU (Imphal), Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Pranab Dutta^*

College of Agriculture, CAU (Imphal), Kyrdemkulai, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya, India

Monitoring studies conducted at Holangadde of Kumta taluk Uttara Kannada revealed maximum moth catch of groundnut leaf miner during 7^th SMW with 70 moths trap^-1 and significant positive correlation with minimum temperature was noticed. Mass trapping of moths with varied density of trap recorded maximum moth catch in 16 traps acre^-1 (2819) installed field which was on par with treatment consisting of 12 traps acre^-1 (2255). Treatment with 12 and 16 traps were superior with respect to yield (33.12 and 34.53 q ha^-1) and lower defoliation (8.56 and 14.07%). Hence 12 traps acre^-1 will be ideal with optimum trap density, higher moth catch and high yield.

Anusha M.U.

Dept. of Entomology, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka (580 005), India

Roopa S. Patil^*

ICAR-KVK Uttara Kannada, Banavasi Road, Sirsi, Karnataka (581 401), India

This study was conducted to assess the proximate, mineral content and phyto-constituents of several therapeutic plants and herbs found in India. The medicinal properties of herbs are attributable to the existence of several complex chemical substances known as secondary metabolites, which are exclusively accumulated in diverse sections of the plant such as leaves, stems, roots and flowers. These secondary metabolites or phytochemicals contain saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, diterpenoids, tannins and steroids, which are considered a valuable source of nutrition and also possess pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anfungal, antiviral, antihelminthic, antioxidant, hepato-protective, antibacterial, immunostimulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-rheumatic, antidiarrheal, anti-pyretic, antimalarial, anticancer and anti-allergic properties, among others. Medicinal plant extracts have traditionally been used to treat diseases and inhibit the activities of pathogenic organisms such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium notatum and Candida albicans. It was determined that all medicinal plants investigated had varied chemical compositions, which might be ascribed to the plant's age, specie, extraction procedure or processing, storage, geographical location and other factors. This study will also provide information on emerging phyto-constituents, which can help to lower the growing incidence of antimicrobial resistance and bridge the gap between animal production and food safety.

Alagbe John Olujimi^*

Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Sumitra Research Institute, Gujarat, India

Allergy is a widespread global public health problem which can lead to serious complications. Over 20% of the world population suffers from IgE mediated allergic diseases which mostly lead to allergic inflammation of the affected skin resulting in acute or chronic nociception and pain. Most cases of allergy originate from plants; trichomes of J. tanjorensis can cause immune system overreaction on the skin. This research aimed at evaluation of allergenicity and toxicity of methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis. Fresh leaves of J. tanjorensis were collected from household gardens within Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. Methanolic extract of the plant was subjected to phytochemical analysis, acute toxicity test, GC-MS and FT-IR analyses. Phytochemical screening revealed high concentration of alkaloids and flavonoids. The toxicity study recorded neither mortality nor any signs of behavioral changes after oral administration of J. tanjorensis extract at experimental doses of 10, 100, 1000, 1600, 2900 and 5000 mg kg^-1 b.w. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (0.65%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (8.69%), and Methotrexate (0.89%) which possibly accounts for its allergenic activities while FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups in the plant sample. The result suggests that the methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis is non toxic and the allergenic property is due to the presence of 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid and Methotrexate.

Ayagwa A.T.^*

Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

Vantsawa P.A.

Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

Abdulsalami M.S.

Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

Egbe N.E.

Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

Dan V.M.Y.

Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

Comfort S.Y.

Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria

Enoh E.E.

Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

National Institute of Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria

This study delves into the algal diversity within the Pun stream of the Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, focusing on the intricate relationship between these algae and the physico-chemical aspects of their environment. Through comprehensive examination, including field surveys and laboratory analyses, this research aims to elucidate the ecological dynamics governing algal communities in the Pun stream. 6 genera under Bacillariophyceae represented by Amphora, Cocconema, Cymbella, Fragillaria, Gomphonema and Navicula and 6 genera under Chlorophyceae represented by Cladophora, Cosmarium, Oedogonium, Spirogyra, Ulothrix and Zygnema and 3 genus under Cyanophyceae represented by Anabaena, Chroococcus, Microcystis and 1 genera under Xanthophyceae represented by Tribonema respectively were reported from the said stream. By correlating algal diversity with various physico-chemical parameters, such as water quality indicators, temperature and nutrient levels, this study seeks to contribute valuable insights into the broader understanding of freshwater ecosystem health and management in the region.

Pratibha^*

Dept. of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (171 005), India

Nitesh Kumar

Dept. of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (171 005), India

Harinder Singh Banyal

Dept. of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (171 005), India

Yamini Sharma

Dept. of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (171 005), India

Bacterial soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. carotovora (previously called Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) is a major bacterial disease infecting almost all vegetable species having fleshy storage organs including potato. Management of post-harvest bacterial soft rot by chemicals can lead to severe health issues. During this present study, attempts were made to use aqueous Christmas melon (Laganaria breviflorus) fruit extract for the management of bacteria soft rot. The experiment was carried out in the Pathology Laboratory of the Federal College of Horticulture, Dadin-kowa, Gombe, Nigeria in 2022. The treatments used were the different concentrations of the aqueous Christmas melon fruit extract comprising T₁ (100% concentrated CMFE), T₂ (80% concentrated CMFE), T₃ (60% concentrated CMFE), T₄ (40% concentrated CMFE), T₅ (20% concentrated CMFE), T6 (Control - pathogen only and no treatment). The bacterium was isolated from infected potato tuber and was plated on Nutrient Agar (NA). Pathogenicity test was carried out to confirm the pathogen before the inhibition study and inoculation on the healthy potato tuber. Peeled fruits of L. breviflorus were fermented for seven days in distilled water. Paper discs of 12 mm diameter were impregnated with the extract and placed on the plated pathogen. The plates were arranged on shelves in the incubator and incubated at 27 °C and were observed for up to six days. Similarly, the inoculated tubers were submerged in the aqueous Christmas melon fruit extract of different concentrations for one hour and thereafter dried at room temperature and set in a container. The containers were arranged on shelves in the incubator and incubated for six days at 27 °C. In-vitro results showed that aqueous Christmas melon fruit extract has a low inhibition rate/ effect on the pathogen; it took three (3) days before it could exhibit zone of inhibition. However, among the different levels of concentration of the extract, 100% CMFE exhibited the highest mean diameter zone of inhibition of 29.28 mm (including the disc diameter 12 mm), followed by 80% CMFE with a zone of inhibition of 23.96 mm, followed by 60, 40 and 20% CMFE in decreasing order with zones of inhibition of 19.79 mm, 11.46 mm and 7.29 mm respectively. In-vivo results revealed that L. breviflorus aqueous fruit extracts did not show potential in reducing the severity or protecting the potato against tuber soft rot and therefore cannot be used by farmers to control potato tuber soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora.

Ivoke, M.A.^*

Pest Management Division, Dept. of Horticultural Technology, Federal College of Horticulture Dadin-Kowa, Gombe State (PMB 108), Nigeria

Abraham, P.

Pest Management Division, Dept. of Horticultural Technology, Federal College of Horticulture Dadin-Kowa, Gombe State (PMB 108), Nigeria

Oluro, C.O.

Pest Management Division, Dept. of Horticultural Technology, Federal College of Horticulture Dadin-Kowa, Gombe State (PMB 108), Nigeria

Terrestrial snails can act as critical indicators in response to climatic variables, including global warming, and thus are highly qualified for the use in ecosystem preservation. Some Species are endemic to the region and are yet to be fully discovered and the continuous destruction of the forest could lead to land snail’s extinction. A total of 2461 land mollusc individual representing 27 species belonging to 7 families were recorded from 30 plots in the study sites. The three most abundant families, declining in rank order were Urocyclidae, Streptaxidae and Archatinidae, together representing 90.82% of the total number of molluscs collected from the sites. Species count found in Cross River National Park (Nkunaya Station and Buffer Zone) and Idanre Hills Forest Reserve from the plots are show where family Streptaxidae from Cross River National Park (Nkunaya Station Zone) had the highest percentage of species, followed by family Subulinidae (Cross River National Park “Nkunaya station Zone”) and Urocyclidae and Archatinidae from Cross River National Park (Nkunaya station Zone), Idanre Hills Forest Reserve and Cross River National Park (Buffer Zone). The families with the least species were Aillyidae, Cyclophoridae and Succineidae respectively. The total number of species collected from the three sites. Gymnarion sp. (Family: Subulinidae) had the highest number of species collected of 997 individuals from the sites, followed by Gonaxiscamerunensis.

Margalef’s species richness index (d) showed the richest plot as plots 8 from Idanre Hills Forest Reserve with a value of 3.34, followed closely by plot 10 from Cross River National Park (Buffer Zone) with a value of 3.18. Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index (H1) showed a relative uniformity of data with the highest value of 2.26 for plot 10 in Cross River National Park (Buffer Zone) as the most diverse plot, while the least value of 1.11 was from plot 10 in Cross River National Park (Nkunaya Station Zone). Evenness (€) showed the most equitable plot to be in plot 10 in Cross River National Park (Buffer Zone) with a value of 0.96, while the lowest equitable plot was plot 5 in Cross River National Park (Nkunaya Station Zone) with a value of 0.26. Chao 2 and Jackknife estimator was 22.13 and 21.13 of all samples collected, respectively. Chao 2 and Jackknife estimator was 20.35 and 22.60 of all samples collected, respectively. Idanre forest reserve Whittaker Index was 1.35, which indicated low differentiation among plots.

Osiele Victory Onyekachukwu^*

Dept. of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Arimoro Francis O.

Dept. of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Ayanwale, Adesola Victoria

Dept. of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Yahaya Tayo

Dept. of Geography, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Anani Anthony Osikemekha

Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Edo state University Uzairue, Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria

Ronald Winifred Isemobhita A.

Dept. of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria

Danladi Precious

Dept. of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria

In this study the culture filtrate and C-phycocyanin obtained from filamentous fresh water cyanobacterium Westiellopsis sp. were tested for their antibacterial activity against three different bacterial cultures: Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp. and Xanthomonas sp. The growth of all bacterial strains tested was inhibited by the culture filtrate and C-phycocyanin. The diameter of inhibition zones varied from 1.3 to 13.2 mm and from 2.2 to 13.1 mm for the culture filtrate and C-phycocyanin, respectively. It is therefore suggested that extracts from the Westiellopsis sp. could be used traditionally in the treatment of bacterial infections. Bioassay studies of silkworm showed that there was no symptom of ill health after feeding the phycocyanin treated leaves and the body weight and silk gland weight of the silkworm increased with range of 65.0-102.6 mg and 209-240 mg, respectively compare to the control.

Sabarinathan K.G.^*

Dept. of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Gomathy Muthukrishnan

Dept. of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, VOC AC&RI, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

This study examines the impact of mechanization in paddy cultivation in the valley areas of Manipur by comparing the existing, predominantly manual farming system with a mechanized system using a drum seeder and cono weeder. Paddy cultivation in the traditional system relies heavily on manual labor, especially for transplanting and weeding, resulting in higher labor costs and extensive time requirements. Mechanization, specifically the use of a drum seeder for planting and a cono weeder for weeding, shows significant improvements in both cost efficiency and productivity. The findings reveal that the traditional system yields 4,160 kg ha^-1, generating a gross income of ₹ 145,600.00, with a cultivation cost of ₹ 1,23,130.00, resulting in a net benefit of ₹ 22,470.00. In contrast, the mechanized system produces a slightly higher yield of 4480 kg ha^-1, leading to a gross income of ₹ 1,56,800.00. The mechanized approach significantly reduces the cost of cultivation to ₹ 73,550.00, yielding a net benefit of ₹ 83,250.00. This is primarily due to labor savings in planting and weeding, as the drum seeder eliminates the need for nursery preparation and transplanting and the cono weeder reduces weeding costs by over half. Overall, the mechanized system not only enhances productivity but also demonstrates a cost-effective alternative to traditional methods, increasing profitability for farmers in the region.

Laishram Kanta Singh

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Imphal West, ICAR-Manipur Centre, Manipur, India

S. Roma Devi^*

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Churachandpur, ICAR-Manipur Centre, Manipur, India

Telem Matouleibi Chanu

Directorate of Extension Education, Central Agricultural University, Lamphelpat, Imphal, Manipur, India

Hijam Jiten Singh

Division of System Research and Engineering (DSRE), ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India

Catheranthus roseus is a flowering perennial, ornamental and evergreen plant native to Madagascar, South-Eastern coast of Africa, grown in tropical and subtropical regions. It is known for its anti-diabetic, antimicrobial and anti-cancerous effects. It is a medicinal plant that produces terpenoids indole alkaloids (TIA), Monoterpenoids indole alkaloids (MIA), Phenolic compounds and organic acids. It is having various pharmacological health promoting beneficial properties like antidiarrheal, antifungal, antimalerial, antioxidant, memory enhencers, aids in preventing cardiovascular diseases, stomachache and sources of huge bio-active compounds. Biochemical assessment study confirmed our phytoalkalods by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method after doing Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The isolates were purified by TLC where various solvent extracts of periwinkle leaves were found to be 0.525, 0.8, 0.44, 0.76, etc. The highest microbial activity was observed in crude ethanolic extract of Catheranthus roseus against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Streptococcus, E. coli and Staphylococcus grown in rich petriplates. The microbial zone inhibition in diameters are 29 mm, 10-13 mm, 18 mm, 25 mm, etc. confirms antimicrobial activity of Catheranthus. The HPLC analysis confirms that it contains various phyto-alkaloids like 1-Corynanthine, 2-yohimbine, 3-vincamine, 4-ajmalacine, 5-vincristine, 6-vinblastine, 7-tetrahydro alstonine. It is an excellent medicinal ornament having high potential medicinal value could be used for novel drugs discovery, drug designing and drug industry. In future this study can help to target genes further responsible for phytoalkaloid production in specific manner which could be part of functional genomics and molecular pharmacognosy and molecular tools for crop improvement.

Sushama Ganit

Dept. of Biotechnology, MITS Institute of Professional Studies (MIPS), Rayagada, Odhisa (765 017), India

Anamika Das

Dept. of Botany, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura (799 022), India

Sudip Das^*

Dept. of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar (813 210), India

Millets are considered as coarse cereals and staple food of India, classified as major and minor millets. Finger millet, foxtail millet and proso millet are grown in Assam which arerich in protein, fats, dietary fiber and minerals. These millets have diversified high food value but consumption has been declined due to drudgery in preparation and lack of standardised processing techniques to compete with fine-cereals. Hence, to increase the utilization of small millets as popular food, emphasis must be given on documentation of different traditionally formulated millet-based food items, which are consumed by certain communities of Assam. Most of the traditional methods to cook food from millet by local people of the state are indigenous. The active nutri-ingredients and potent phyto-chemicals with promising nutritional and pharmacological properties present are yet to be explored and some are in pipeline. Keeping this in view, a total of 58 respondents were surveyed and found that there are 10 indigenous ethnic-food dishes which are frequently consumed by Santali community viz. Kode Dumbu, Belna Pitha, Sunum Pitha, Khapra Pitha, Kode Halwa, Kodu Pitha, Sukum Pitha, Ghula, Kodubhat, Kodu Khichri; 3 ethnic dishes prepared by Rajbonshi community viz., Kaunbhajibhat, Kaun Dhaprapitha, Kaunpayash and 6 traditionally formulated dishes are by Muslim community from Lower Assam valley zone viz. Kaunladoo, Kaunbhapasighara, Kaunakhoi/Khoi, Kaunhalwa, Kaunborpitha, Kaun Anarkali/ Chandrapuli, where different plant-parts, cereals, milk, fruits, nuts were incorporated to enhance its taste.

Porna Sarmah

AAU, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kokrajhar, Assam (783360), India

Shahnaz Akhtar*

Dept of Entomology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat (785 013), India

Kasturi Choudhury

Dept of Entomology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat (785 013), India

Current investigation quantified the endogenous levels of osteopontin (OPN), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes in the seminal plasma (SP) of canine and the relationship between the OPN level and the in vitro sperm quality were also investigated. A total of 21 dogs were selected for the present study. On the basis of conception rate and previous breeding history, dogs were classified into two groups: fertile (Group I) for dogs showing normal conception when mated with bitches of similar age and weight, hypofertile (Group II) for dogs displaying conception failure with at least 3 matings with different bitches. Results revealed OPN concentration had a highly significant (p<0.01) positive correlation with sperm motility, viability, normal morphology, functional membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, DNA integrity and MMP. Endogenous OPN level in the SP did not reveal any significant (p>0.05) correlation with the MDA concentration. OPN concentration also failed to show any significant (p>0.05) correlation with catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration in the SP. It was concluded that endogenous OPN level in the SP had significant positive relationship with several sperm in vitro characteristics. Estimation of endogenous OPN level in the SP tended to be more realistic in identification of hypofertile dogs from the fertile ones and can potentially be used as a fertility marker.

Sayed Nabil Abedin^*

ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

V. Leela

Madras Veterinary College, TANUVAS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (600 007), India

Sourabh Deori

ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (793 103), India

Jasmine of the family Oleaceae constitutes a group of plants, which are commercially grown for their fragrant flowers and essential oil production. Though it propagates through soft wood stem cuttings, due to difficult in root induction in cuttings, there is a need to find a solution for multiplication at commercial scale. Hence, the present experiment was conducted with soft wood stem cuttings with different number of nodes along with different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) growth regulators and their combinations. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors and three replications. The results revealed that three node cuttings with IBA 1000 ppm took less number of days for root initiation (8.12 days), the combination of four node cuttings with IBA 2000 ppm resulted more number roots per cutting (12.86). The three node cuttings with IBA 2000 ppm interaction resulted maximum root fresh weight (0.84 g) and root dry weight (0.76 g) and highest rooting percent (89.12%).

Santhosha H.M.

ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Haveri, Karnataka (581 115), India

Abiotic stress, particularly high temperatures, disrupts the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, leading to reduced yields in many major crops globally. As global warming intensifies, the negative impacts on plant growth and development become more pronounced, with extreme heat posing a significant threat to agricultural productivity. This could lead to severe crop losses and potential food shortages. Heat stress affects plants at all stages of development, though the threshold for tolerance varies by species and growth phase. For example, elevated temperatures during seed germination can delay or inhibit the process, while later stages experience disruptions in photosynthesis, respiration, water balance and membrane stability. Hormone levels and both primary and secondary metabolites are also affected. To counter heat stress, plants activate a variety of adaptive, avoidance and acclimation mechanisms. These include the production of heat shock proteins, osmo-protectants and antioxidants, along with the activation of signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators. Developing heat-tolerant crop varieties is a key strategy for mitigating the adverse effects of rising temperatures. However, this requires a comprehensive understanding of the physiological responses of plants to heat stress and the mechanisms that confer heat tolerance, in order to guide genetic improvement efforts.

Sapalika Dogra*

Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, FoA, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Kashmir, Wadura, Jammu & Kashmir (193 201), India

Prajjal Dey

Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities, FoA, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Kashmir, Wadura, Jammu & Kashmir (193 201), India

Gurdev Chand

Division of Plant Physiology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir (180 009), India

Entomopathogenic fungi are the natural enemies of insect pests. This study aimed to isolate and characterize entomopathogenic fungi from insect cadavers of two human-associated pests collected from different locations at Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina. Twenty (20) insect cadaver samples of cockroaches and houseflies were collected from four (4) different locations and transferred to the Microbiology laboratory for analysis. The samples of insect were surface-sterile and placed in a PDA media supplemented with antibiotics. Fungal growth was monitored, sub-cultured into a fresh potato dextrose agar (PDA) and identified using a standard protocol. Samples of the insects were surface-sterilized and placed in a PDA medium with antibiotics. Results showed the occurrence of five (5) different species of fungal isolates that includes: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigates, Rhizophus oryzae, Microsporum niger and Aspergillus niger. A total of 17 isolates of fungi were recovered from 20 samples of houseflies and cockroaches. Aspergillus niger is the most encountered species with 29.41%, followed by Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus oryzae each with 23.53% and other isolated fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus at 17.65% and Microsporum canis 5.88%. The presence of these fungal isolates showed that they secrete an active compound which leads to the extinction of host insects. It is recommended that further research should be conducted to obtain a molecular mechanism of their relationship.

Aminu Musa

Dept. of Biology, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina (PMB 2218), Nigeria

Zul’aziyya Ibrahim Abbas

Dept. of Biology, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina (PMB 2218), Nigeria

Mohammed Suleiman

Dept. of Biology, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina (PMB 2218), Nigeria

Nasir Hassan Wagini

Dept. of Biology, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina (PMB 2218), Nigeria

Aliyu Musa Yusuf

Dept. of Biology, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina (PMB 2218), Nigeria

Ibrahim Sani*

Dept. of Biology, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina (PMB 2218), Nigeria

Huzaifa Sani

Dept. of Zoology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Sokoto State (PMB 2348), Nigeria

This research was carried out to determine the slenderness coefficient and Physiognomic Characteristics of Tree Species in Kano Zoological Garden. The area was stratified in to four strata. Fourteen (14) temporary sample plots of size (30×30 m²) were laid at random covering all stratum. Trees with Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 10cm were identified, measured and recorded. Individual trees were grouped in to species and families. The results revealed diameter class 21-40 exhibits the highest cumulative values for DB, DM, DT, TH, SLC, BA and SV indicating that trees within the 21-40 cm diameter range contribute the most to the overall size, height, slenderness, basal area and stem volume. Trees in the 81-100 cm diameter range have the lowest cumulative values, suggesting they are relatively smaller and contribute less to the overall forest dimensions. Height Class (21-30) recorded the highest values for all parameters indicating that trees in this height class have the largest diameters, slenderness coefficient, basal area and stem volume. SLC, BA and SV are significantly higher compared to other height classes. The 41-60 m height classes show lower values representing smaller or less mature trees. The "1-69 Low" trees have a slightly tapered but balanced form and more stable to wind-throw. The "70-99 Moderate" trees exhibit a more pronounced taper in their shape while the ">100 High" trees have a tall and slender form with a significant taper making them vulnerable to wind-throw compared to the moderate and low classes. Positive correlation was observed between all the variables with the exception of SLC which display negative relation with all the variables signifying inverse relationship.

Dantani, A.

Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria

This study evaluated the effectiveness of rotational and single insecticide applications against pea aphids on grass pea crops in the Dera and Fogera districts of Northwestern Ethiopia from 2021 to 2022. Experimental plots measured 2 m × 4 m and utilized a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides profenophos, imidacloprid, λ-cyhalothrin and dimethoate were applied in rotation (P-I-L-D) and individually. Data collection included aphid counts, insecticide application dates, damaged and undamaged pod counts, meteorological data and grain yield. The findings showed that, in comparison to the control, all insecticide treatments significantly reduced the numbers of pea aphids. Treatment impacts on pea aphid populations, for example, were significant in Fogera in 2021 [F(5,18) = 34.924, p<0.001 in Week 2 and 93.250, p<0.001 in Week 3]. In 2022, similar trends were observed [Week 2: F(5,18) = 45.419, p<0.001 at Dera]. Grain yield also increased significantly with insecticide treatments, with the highest yields from dimethoate and rotational applications [Fogera 2021: F(5,18) = 48.154, p<0.001]. Cost-benefit analysis indicated that despite higher initial costs, treatments with dimethoate and rotational applications provided the highest net benefits due to their superior effectiveness in pest control and yield improvement. These findings underscore the importance of integrated pest management strategies, including rotational use of insecticides, to manage pea aphid populations effectively while enhancing grain yield and economic returns. In conclusion, implementing rotational insecticide strategies alongside Dimethoate application is recommended to sustainably manage pea aphids in grass pea crops.

Geteneh Mitku

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Fogera National Rice Research and Training Center, Wereta, Ethiopia