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Seed is a vital input in agriculture and high-quality seed is crucial for ensuring a strong crop stand, a healthy harvest, and optimal output. In Bihar, there are two options available to farmers: either they rely on their own farm seeds for crop production, saving and preserving some of the grains for use as seeds for the following season, or they follow various public and private organizations. This farming method might not meet the standards for the seed's quality, which could result in a weak field stand, and ultimately, a low yield. However, some farmers are turning to locally accessible, poor-quality seed as a result of this widening disparity, which lowers productivity and profitability. The production of wheat seeds under the participatory program resulted in a B:C ratio of 1.80-2.35, gross income between Rs. 1.25 and Rs. 1.50 lakh ha-1 and net income between Rs. 0.80 and Rs. 1.05 lakh ha-1.

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Mohammad Hashim*

ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (208 024), India

ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar (848 125), India

Man Mohan Deo

ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (208 024), India

Dileep Singh

ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh (208 024), India

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