Journal and Book Management System

Edit Journal Article

Article ID

Journal

Issue

Article Type

Subject

Title

Abstract

Pebrine is a devastating disease caused by obligate intracellular microsporidian parasite Nosema bombycis in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Though organismal observations after infection are reported, larval immune responses are seldom analysed. The infection reduced hemocyte number and induced subcellular variations like membrane porosity, lysis and disintegration. On infection, hemocytes recognize pathogens through recognition proteins that trigger defense reactions. However after N. bombycis infection, expression of immune genes pertaining to recognition, Toll signalling and melanization pathways were suppressed, revealed by RT-PCR and Real Time analysis. Recognition genes β-GRP 2 and β-GRP 4 were inactivated thereby delayed or inhibited recognition. Toll activator Spatzle expression was suppressed and titer reduced early causing delayed binding with ‘Toll’. Gene encoding Cactus expression increased whereas expression of NF kappa B transcription factors Dorsal and Relish reduced in early stage of infection. Immediately after infection melanisation pathway genes PPAE and PPO2 activated, subsequently suppressed expression causing loss of ‘melanization’ in later stage of infection. Paralytic peptide titer that induced melaniztion, reduced in early stage of infection. Delayed recognition and signalling activities allowed distraction of N. bombycis from primary immune reactions of the host leading to successful establishment of parasitic survival. Further due to lack of melanisation in later stages, N. bombycis surmount the host – defenses and establish itself in infected larvae of B. mori. Different immune pathway components suppressed by the microsporidian infection could be used as targets for antibody – based early detection mechanisms.

Page No (Eg:10-20 [Without Space])

KeyWords (Eg: Keyword1, Keyword2, ......, Keyword10)

DOI (Eg: 10.37446/Jinagri/Ra/10.3.2023.1-13))

Date

Abstract PDF Of The Article

Authors name

Authors Details

Shambhavi, P.H.

Proteomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, CSB-Kodathi Campus, Carmelaram, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA

M. Pooja

Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Berhampore, West Bengal, INDIA

A.R. Pradeep*

Proteomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, CSB-Kodathi Campus, Carmelaram, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA

R.K. Mishra

Proteomics Division, Seribiotech Research Laboratory, CSB-Kodathi Campus, Carmelaram, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA

How to cite

Reference

Alves e Silva, T.L., L.R.C. Vasconcellos, A.H. Lopes and T. Souto-Padro´n. 2013. The immune response of hemocytes of the insect Oncopeltus fasciatus against the flagellate Phytomonas serpens. PLoS ONE 8(8): e72076. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072076.

Barillas-Mury, C., B. Wizel and Y.S. Han. 2000. Mosquito immune responses and malaria transmission: lessons from insect model systems and implications for vertebrate innate immunity and vaccine development. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 30: 429–442.

Casanova-Torres, Á.M. and H. Goodrich-.Blair. 2013. Immune signaling and antimicrobial peptide expression in lepidoptera. Insects, 4: 320-338.

Chowdhury, C., C-F Li, Z. He, Y. Lu, X-S. Liu, Y-F. Wang, Y.T. Ip, M.R. Strand, X-Q. Yu. 2019. Toll family members bind multiple Spätzle proteins and activate antimicrobial peptide gene expression in Drosophila. Journal of Biological Chemistry, doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.006804jbc.RA118.006804.

Colinet, D., H. Mathé-Hubert, R. Allemand, J-L. Gatti and M. Poirié. 2013. Variability of venom components in immune suppressive parasitoid wasps: From a phylogenetic to a population approach. Journal of Insect Physiology, 59: 205–212.

Crowther, J.R. 1995. <a href="https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=AodkPkz_7NEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR12&dq=crowther+1995&ots=3W5M7PRJaP&sig=CcbU4h2mRveVAM4yCl0kyl3yWjc" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline">ELISA: Theory and practice</a>, Methods in Molecular Biology Series, Humana Press, New York, USA.

Dimopoulos G, Muller HM, Levashina EA and Kafatos FC. 2001. Innate immune defense against malaria infection in the mosquito. Current Opinion in Immunology, 13:79–88.

Fallon, J.P., E.P. Reeves and K. Kavanagh. 2011. The Aspergillus fumigatus toxin fumagillin suppresses the immune response of Galleria mellonella larvae by inhibiting the action of haemocytes. Microbiology, 157: 1481–1488.

Gerardo, N.M., B. Altincicek, C. Anselme, H. Atamian, S.M. Barribeau, M. de Vos, E.J. Duncan, J.D. Evans, T. Gabaldón, M. Ghanim, A. Heddi, I. Kaloshian, A. Latorre, A. Moya, A. Nakabachi, B.J. Parker, V. Pérez-Brocal, M. Pignatelli, Y. Rahbé, J.S.Ramsey, C.J. Spragg, J. Tamames, D. Tamarit, C. Tamborindeguy, C. Vincent-Monegat and A. Vilcinskas. 2010. Immunity and other defenses in pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Genome Biology, 11, R21. doi: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-2-r21.

Goecks, J., N.T. Mortimer, J.A. Mobley, G.J. Bowersock, J. Taylor and T.A. Schlenke. 2013. Integrative Approach Reveals Composition of Endoparasitoid Wasp Venoms. PLoS ONE 8(5): e64125. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064125.

Hu, X., Y. Yagi, T. Tanji, S. Zhou and Y.T. Ip. 2004. Multimerization and interaction of Toll and Spätzle in Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101 (25) 9369-9374; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0307062101 .

Jakubowska, A.K., H. Vogel and S. Herrero. 2013. Increase in Gut Microbiota after Immune Suppression in Baculovirus-infected Larvae. PLoS Pathogen 9(5): e1003379. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003379.

Kawarbata, T. 2003. Biology of microsporidaian infectiong the silkworm, Bombyx mori, in Japan. Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology, 72: 1-32.

King, J.G. and J.F. Hillyer. 2012. Infection-Induced Interaction between the Mosquito Circulatory and Immune Systems. PLoS Pathogen, 8(11): e1003058. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003058.

Krautz, R., B. Arefin and U. Theopold. 2014. Damage signals in the insect immune response. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5: 342.

Livak, K.J. and T.D. Schmittagen. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real time quantitative PCR and the 2–ΔΔ CT method. Methods, 25: 402–408.

Lü, H.S. 2008. Principles of Insect Immunology. Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers, China.

Ma, Z., C. Li, G. Pan, Z. Li, B. Han, J. Xu, X. Lan, J. Chen, Y. Donglin, Q. Chen, S. Qi, X. Ji, T. Li, M. Long and Z. Zhou. 2013. Genome-wide transcriptional response of silkworm (Bombyx mori) to infection by the microsporidian Nosema bombycis. PLoS ONE, 8(12):e84137. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084137

Mareno-García, M., A. Córdoba-Aguilar, R. Condé and H. Lanz-Mendoza. 2012. Current immunity markers in insect ecological immunology: assumed tradeoffs and methodological issues, Bulletin of Entomological Research, 103: 127-139.

Noguchi, H., S. Tsuzuki, K. Tanaka, H. Matsumoto, K. Hiruma and Y. Hayakawa. 2003. Isolation and characterization of a dopa decarboxylase cDNA and the induction of its expression by an insect cytokine, growth-blocking peptide in Pseudaletia separate. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 33: 209–217.

Park, Y., E.E. Herbert, C.E. Cowles, K.N. Cowles, M.L. Menard, S.S. Orchard and H. Goodrich-Blair. 2009. Clonal variation in Xenorhabdus nematophila virulence and suppression of Manduca sexta immunity. Cell Microbiology, 9: 645-656.

Parthier, C., M. Stelter, C. Ursel, U. Fandrich, H. Lilie, C. Breithaupt and M.T. Stubbs. 2014. Structure of the Toll-Spätzle complex, a molecular hub in Drosophila development and innate immunity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111: 6281–6286.

Pradeep, A.N.R., J. Anitha, A.K. Awasthi, M.A. Babu, M.N. Geetha, H.K. Arun, S. Chandrashekar, G.C. Rao, and N.B. Vijayaprakash. 2012. Activation of autophagic programmed cell death and innate immune gene expression reveals immuno-competence of integumental epithelium in Bombyx mori infected by a dipteran parasitoid. Cell and Tissue Research, doi: 10.1007/s00441-012-1520-7.

Rao, S.N., B.S. Nath, G. Bhuvaneswari and S.R. Urs. 2007. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among microsporidia infecting the silkworm, Bombyx mori, using random amplification of polymorphic DNA: Morphological and ultrastructural characterization. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 96: 193–204.

Rao, S.N., M. Muthulakshmi, S. Kanginakudru and J. Nagaraju. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of three new microsporidian isolates from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 86: 87-95.

Rosales, C. 2011. Phagocytosis, a cellular immune response in insects. Invertebrate Survival Journal, 8: 109-131.

Satyavathi, V.V., A. Minz and J. Nagaraju. 2014. Nodulation: An unexplored cellular defense mechanism in insects. Cellular Signalling, 26: 1753–1763.

Thakur, A., V. Singh, A. Kaur and S. Kaur. 2014. Suppression of cellular immune response in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae by endophytic fungi Nigrospora oryzae and Cladosporium uredinicola. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 107: 674-679.

Vilcinskas, A. 2010. Coevolution between pathogen-derived proteinases and proteinase inhibitors of host insects. Virulence, 3: 206-214.

Weber, A.N.R., S. Tauszig-Delamasure, J.A. Hoffmann, E. Lelièvre, H. Gascan, K.P. Ray, M.A. Morse, J-L. Imler and N.J. Gay. 2003. Binding of the Drosophila cytokine Spätzle to Toll is direct and establishes signaling. Nature Immunology, 4: 794-800.

Yang, Y., H. Tang, Y. Zhang, F. Zhu, P. Lü, Q. Yao and K. Chen. 2018. Research progress on the immune mechanism of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Physiological Entomology, 43: 159–168.