Abstract

A pheromone is a chemical or a mixture of chemicals emitted by an organism that triggers specific reactions in another individual of the same species (Shorey, 1977). Semiochemicals, which include pheromones and allelochemicals, serve as markers or signals to convey information between individuals of the same species or different species. Allelochemicals can be classified based on their effects: kairomones (beneficial to the receiver), synomones (beneficial to both the emitter and the receiver), allomones (beneficial to the emitter) and apneumones (of nonbiological origin). Recent advancements in pheromone technology include eco-friendly delivery systems, electrochemical detection and innovative applications. For example, Chen et al. (2018) developed a controlled-release system using sex pheromone-loaded MPEG-PCL diblock copolymer micelles for Spodoptera litura. Researchers are also exploring nanocomposites and polymers to prolong the release of volatile organic compounds for pest and disease control. Stipanovic et al. (2004) studied micrometer-sized particles for controlled release of insect pheromones, using codlemone/1-dodecanol and disparlure/1,2-epoxyoctadecane as model compounds. Molecular gels are being investigated for their potential in creating efficient controlled-release devices for pheromones, offering high loading capacity and sustained release (Jadhav et al., 2010). Additionally, Hellmann et al. (2009) developed pheromone-releasing nanofibers for plant protection using electrospinning of polyamide, which provide extended release over weeks or months. For detecting and characterizing insect pheromones, various novel methods are available, such as Gas Chromatography (GC), Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI), Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Electroantennogram Detection (GC-EAD). Behavioral studies of insects can be conducted using wind tunnels and olfactometer bioassays to test essential oils against pests like Helopeltis theivora. This chapter will explore the detection and quantification of pheromones, along with modern equipment, biosensors and other recent developments in pheromone technology.