Abstract

The use of microbial and single-cell protein (SCP) ingredients in aquaculture feeds signifies a paradigm shift towards fostering sustainable and economically viable aquaculture systems. The aquaculture sector serves as a vital part of the food industry, addressing the rising food demand driven by the growing global human population and as a result, the demand for aqua feed is also increasing. The incorporation of microorganisms, including algae, fungi and bacteria, demonstrates the ability to transform low-cost organic substrates into nutrient-dense biomass, addressing the urgent need for alternatives to traditional feed sources such as fishmeal and fish oil. The nutritional profiles of microbial and SCP ingredients are particularly noteworthy, as they are rich in essential amino acids (EAA) and fatty acids (FA) that support optimal fish growth and health. Moreover, their cultivation often utilizes agricultural by-products, enhancing the overall sustainability of aquafeed production by mitigating waste and reducing reliance on finite marine resources. Despite their promising potential, the broader application of microbial and SCPs in aquaculture is impeded by regulatory hurdles and varying consumer acceptance, necessitating a concerted effort from industry stakeholders to navigate these challenges. Future research endeavours must focus on optimizing production processes, scaling up cultivation methods and elucidating the health benefits associated with these ingredients. By leveraging advancements in biotechnology and fostering collaborative networks within the aquaculture sector, the integration of microbial and SCPs could play a pivotal role in enhancing nutritional security and promoting environmental sustainability in aquaculture, ultimately contributing to the resilience of global food systems.