Abstract

The constant battle between plants and pathogenic microbes has led to the evolution of various defence mechanisms in plants. These include physical barriers such as thickening of cell walls, chemical defences like antimicrobial compounds and molecular responses triggered by identification of pathogen associated molecular patterns. Plants also rely on friendly microbes, such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia, to enhance nutrient uptake and provide protection against pathogens through competition or production of antimicrobial compounds. In addition, some plants have developed symbiotic relationships with specific microbes that can triggered systemic resistance against a broad range of pathogens. Plants have also evolved sophisticated signalling pathways that allow them to mount a rapid and specific defence response upon pathogen detection. These signalling pathways involve the activation of defence-related genes, the production of signalling compounds like salicylic acid and jasmonic acid and the deployment of defence proteins such as pathogenesis-related proteins. Furthermore, plants can communicate with neighbouring plants through airborne signals or root exudates, enabling them to prime their defences in anticipation of potential threats. Overall, the intricate interplay between plants and pathogenic microbes highlights the dynamic and complex nature of plant defence mechanisms. Understanding the intricate interactions among plants and microbial organisms is crucial for developing sustainable agricultural practices which minimize the use of chemical pesticides while ensuring crop productivity and food security. Research in plant-microbe interactions continues to uncover new insights into the complex networks that govern these relationships, offering potential solutions for managing plant diseases in an environmentally friendly manner.